Social Inequalities Exam 2

Identity

a person’s location in social life and their sense of self; sense of “who they are

Social Identity

sense of self that is built up over time as a person participates in social life and identifies with a community of others with whom there is a feeling of similarity and common purpose

Situated Identity

the sense of self tied to roles we play in specific, immediate social situations

Personal Identity

sense of separateness established over time as the person pursues his/her own goals that differ from those of the community

Racial Identity

social membership in a particular racial group, both the sense of belonging one has, and how others feel about their proper fit within a racial group

Gender Identity

one’s internal sense of being male, female, neither, or a different gender classification

SExual Orientation

an individual’s physical or emotional attraction to another individual or group

Nationality

• a system of classification determined by one fulfilling the criteria for membership to a specific nation state(s)

Immigration

the movement of persons into  a non-native country

Emigration

the movement of persons out of a native country

Naturalization

• the process by which U.S. citizenship is granted to a lawful permanent resident after meeting the requirements established by law

Master Status

the tendency of observers to believe that one label or demographic category is more significant than any other aspect of the observed person's background, behavior or performance

Intersectionality

• the unique experiences of individuals as determined by the combination of identities they possess and the ways in which social structures shape the life chances of that combination of identities

Double Standard

when similar behavior is held differently accountable based on the identity of the performer

Power

the ability of people or groups to realize their will over the will of others

Discrimination

• behavior that denies the members of a group resources or rewards available to others

Authority

power that is accepted as legitimate (just)

Rational-Legal Authority

power that is legitimized by law or written rules and regulations in organizations

Charismatic Authority

• power that is legitimized on the basis of a leader’s exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspires loyalty and obedience from followers

Traditional Authority

• power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing customs, handed down from generation to generation

Coercion

•  power that people do not accept as legitimate (illegitimate, unjust, power)

Power Elite

• power is concentrated in the hands of a circle of corporate, political, and military leaders who dominate and control the political agenda

Diversity in Power Elite

• the power elite has become diversified in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, but everyone still passes through elite schools and elite social space, and comes to represent the interests of elites

Pluralist Position

• a view of society as divided among varying interest groups, all of which are jockeying for power and position, with the ultimate decisions depending on who can build the winning coalition of voters

SPecial Interest Groups

• political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest that they wish to protect or advance

Total Institutions

• a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time while the institutions regulates and controls all activities

4 Common characteristics of Total Institutions

• All aspects of life are conducted in the same place and are under the control of the institution

• Activities within the institution are conducted in the company of others in the same circumstances

• The institution creates rules and schedules activities without consulting the participants

• All aspects of life within a total institution are designed to fulfill the purpose of the institution → Involves stripping away prior identities

Degredation Ceremony

• an attempt to remake the person by stripping away the individual’s current identity and replacing it with a new one

Primary adjustments

cooperative behavior in response to the demands of the institution

Secondary adjustments

• practices that do not directly challenge the institution but allows the inmate to obtain forbidden satisfaction and provide the inmate with a sense that he/she is still his/her own person (contained, not disruptive to the overall operation of the institution)

Outsourcing

• the shifting of production or work to a subcontractor, often in a low-wage country

Globalization

• the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets

GDP

the total value of goods and services produced in a nation

Life Expectancy

• the average number of years a person born in a given year can expect to live

Morbidity

the amount of disease, impairment, and accident in a population

Mortality

the number of deaths in a population

Infant Mortality rate

• the number of deaths among infants less than one year of age for every 1,000 babies born alive in a given year

Maternal Mortality Rate

 the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births

Modernization

a school of thought that stresses the transition from traditional society to modern society and the need for modern ideas, technology, and institutions for a society to advance economically

Dependency Theory

an approach to global inequality that stresses a global structure where poor nations are dependent on the economic and political power of richer nations

Neoliberalism

view of economics that emphasizes limited government, privatization, free markets, and free trade

World Systems Theory

• theory of the modern global economic system that divides the world into core, semiperiphery, and periphery nations and argues that core countries will continue to prosper while countries in the periphery will be impoverished by world trade

Social Change

• change in social structures over time

Institutions

social forms that organize the behaviors of those within them according to certain, taken-for-granted, conventions that people follow

Social Movements

ongoing efforts by groups to promote (or prevent) social change

Collective Action

people coming together in both planned and spontaneous actions and demonstrations

Resource Mobilization

social movements are successful to the extent they can acquire and use key resources

Political Process Model

•  movements are successful to the extent that broader social conditions, such as the political climate, are supportive of the movement

Relative Deprivation

• the discontent that people feel when they compare their situation to similar others who are better off

Recruitment through Networks

• people are recruited to movements through pre-existing networks with current movement members

Frame Alignment

• the interactive process in which movement leaders frame (define) their movement in a way that reaches potential followers and motivates them to join the movement