BIO 10 Algae and Fungi

Green algae pigment type

Chlorophyll A + B

Green algae food storage

starch

Green algae cell wall type

cellulose

Green algae reproduction

mostly freshwater and N-P-K

Types of green algae chloroplasts

1. Mougeotia (bar magnet)

2. Zygnema (2 stars)

3. Spirogyra (spiral)

When is oxygen concentration lowest for algae lakes?

5 AM

Non-point source pollution

Fertilizer and nutrients from other sources lead to overgrowth of algae, causing fish and other organisms to suffocate

Human relevance of green algae

1. They make scum

2. They are agents of non-point source pollution

Dinoflagellates pigment type

Chlorophyll A + C

Dinoflagellates food storage

starch

Dinoflagellates cell wall type

cellulose

Dinoflagellates reproduction

asexual by mitosis

Human relevance of dinoflagellates

1. Bioluminescence in disturbed water

2. Dinoflagellate outbreaks

Red tide

ocean water is rust-colored due to an abundance of dinoflagellates; causes paralysis of vertebrates and of breathing muscles in humans due to saxotoxin

Dinoflagellate growth equation

Warmth + N-P-K

Diatoms (diatomaceous earth) pigment type

Chlorophyll A + C

Diatoms food storage

Oils

Diatoms cell wall type

Silicon (glass)

Diatoms reproduction

Asexual by mitosis

What causes dissolved organic matter/foam in sea waves?

Diatom death

What oil is a product of diatom food storage?

Cod liver oil

What symmetry do most ocean diatoms have?

Radial symmetry

What symmetry do most freshwater diatoms have?

Bilateral symmetry

Human relevance of diatoms

1. Diatomaceous earth is a filtration agent

2. Organic insecticide

Red algae pigment type

Chlorophyll A + D

Red algae food storage

Floridian starch

Red algae cell wall

Cellulose + Carrageenan + Agar

Red algae reproduction

Very complex life cycles

Human relevance of red algae

1. Nori

2. Carageenan as a thickening agent

3. Agar as a gelatin replacement

4. Dulse fertilizer

Brown algae (kelp) pigment type

Chlorophyll A + C

Brown algae food storage

mannitol (sugar alcohol)

Brown algae cell wall

Cellulose + Algin

Brown algae reproduction

Alternation of generations

Human relevance of brown algae

1. Keeps food soft in dry conditions (jellybeans, marshmallow)

2. Keep things from drying out due to algin’s water regulation ability (water-based latex paints, art paper)

3. Thalassotherapy

4. Soft-serve ice cream

Parts of a brown algae

1. Holdfast

2. Bladder (gases inside allow flotation to surface)

3. Blades

4. Stipe (connects bladder and holdfast)

Fucus

Type of seaweed seen at low tide

Sargassum

Brown algae that has evolved to live without a holdfast

Characteristics of fungi

1. All have nuclei

2. No chlorophyll

3. Hypha

4. Cell wall of chitin

Hypha

Thread-like feeding stage of fungi

How can we get new antibiotics

Introduce novel fruits or other products into new water sources

Characteristics of bread molds

1. Outside of water

2. Move around in air currents

3. Ubiquitous

Economic importance of water molds

1. Late blight of potato in Ireland

2. Sudden oak death in CA

3. Damping off

4. Fish mold

How can you prevent bread mold?

Add calcium propionate to slow spore germination and rate of molding

What is the life history of a water mold?

1. Hypha lands on organic matter

2. Hypha feeds and sprouts sporangia that make spores

3. Spores pop off of sporangia and search for organic matter

4. Spore lands on organic matter, rids itself of flagella

5. Spore becomes hypha and feeds

Life history of bread mold

1. Spore lands on food and grows a stolon that digs “roots” deep into food

2. Stolon make sporangia with spores

3. Spores are released in the air

4. Spores released land on food and begin the cycle again

Life cycle of pilobolus

1. Horse eats grass

2. Pilobolus spores germinate in horse’s gut

3. Horse defecates

4. In horse poo, pilobolus sprouts sporangia and spores, beginning the cycle again

Ascomycetes

Cup fungi

How do ascomycetes form?

1. 2 spores meet

2. Spores meeting form ascospores that have many tips with an ascus

Economic value of ascomycetes

1. Morels: edible fungi that flip inside out and are considered a delicacy

2. Truffles: edible fungi that close up and are considered a delicacy

Yeast

The ultimately-reduced ascomycete with an ascus that has 4 spores

Aspergillus flavus (aflatoxin)

Ascomycete that lives in moist soil and is the most potent carcinogenic in nature

Ergot

Yeast that produces LSD

Dutch Elm disease

Ascomycete fungi go into xylem cells so that trees die

What do yeast eat to make alcohol and a byproduct of carbon dioxide?

Sugar

What is the process of making alcohol with yeast?

1. Yeast are isolated

2. Yeast are fed sugar

3. Yeast release waste products as alcohol

4. Yeast die when alcohol percentage is 12%

What is the process to make hard liquor?

1. Heat up 12% alcohol

2. Collect the steam—steam is 100% alcohol

Peach leaf curl

Plant diseae caused by a fungus that goes into a leaf’s palisade mesophyll and eats sugar

How are wines named?

They’re named after the region they’re made in; If named outside of native region, they’re named after the grape variety

Mushroom

Dikaryotic basidiomycete

What happens when 2 1N fungi spores meet?

1. They fuse and develop an N+N, dikaryotic stage

2. After temporarily fusing into a 2N state, they become a basidium that sprouts 4 1N spores

What are the parts of a mushroom?

1. Cap

2. Gills

3. Stipe

Huma relevance of mushrooms

1. 75 types of mushrooms are poisonous

2. Can treat alcoholism by using shaggy mane mushroom’s enzyme for an antibiotic

What mushroom accounts for 90% of fatality? Why?

Death angel mushroom, which blocks RNA synthesis

Other types of basidiomycetes

1. Puffballs

2. Jelly fungi

3. Bracket fungi

4. Stinkhorns

5. Corn smut

Rhizomes

Stems of ferns

Crozier (fiddlehead)

Young fern leaf that is still developing

Sorus

Cluster of sporangea

Frond

Complex leaf

Marginal sorus

Sori are at the edge of the leaf

Human relevance of ferns

1. Fossilized ferns make up most of coal

2. Ornamental plants

3. Fiddleheads as food

When do seeds know to germinate?

Environmental cues

What are the parts of a seed?

1. Hard seed coat

2. Stored food

3. Embryo (young plant)

Where are seeds produced for conifers?

Cones

Gymnosperm

Naked seeded plant

5 genera of conifers

1. Pinus (pine)

2. Larix (larch)

3. Picea (spruce)

4. Abies (fir)

5. Ginkgo biloba