Learn: Cardiovascular System: Blood, Heart, and Circulatory Functions

Cardiovascular system (CV)

Relation to or involving the heart and blood vessels

CV functions

Transportation, removal of waste, defense, distribution of heat, maintenance of homeostasis

Blood

A component of the cardiovascular system involved in transportation and defense

Pump

Component of the cardiovascular system that facilitates blood circulation

Circulation/Vessels

Network of blood vessels that transport blood throughout the body

RBC/Erythrocyte

Mature myeloid blood cell composed mostly of hemoglobin, primarily functions in the transportation of O2 and CO2

Plasma

Liquid extracellular fluid matrix composed mostly of water that circulates the formed elements and dissolves materials

Hemopoiesis

Production of the formed elements of blood

Heme

Red, iron-containing pigment to which oxygen binds in hemoglobin

Serum

Blood plasma that does not contain clotting factors

Hemoglobin

Oxygen-carrying compound in erythrocytes

Anemia

Deficiency of RBC or hemoglobin

Biliverdin

Green bile pigment produced when the non-iron portion of heme is degraded

Bilirubin

Yellowish bile pigment produced when iron is removed from heme

Erythropoiesis

The bio process by which the body produces new RBC to replace dying cells

EPO/Erythropoietin

Major regulator of erythropoiesis

TPO/Thrombopoietin

Stimulates megakaryote development and subsequent platelet production

G-CSF

Stimulates production, proliferation, and maturation of neutrophils

GM-CSF

Enhances the production of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and macrophages

Interleukins

Acts as multilineage or lineage-specific regulators

Blood types

A, B, AB, O (Rh +/-)

Antigen

Molecule recognized by B-cells & T-cells

Rh factor/blood group

Blood-type classification based on the presence or absence of the antigen Rh

WBC/Leukocytes

Transportation by to fight infection & remove debris

T cells/T lymphocytes

Provide cellular immunity by attacking foreign or diseased cells

B cells/B lymphocytes

Defend the body against specific pathogens

NK cells/Natural Killer cells

Cytotoxic lymphocytes that provide general, nonspecific immunity

Myeloid stem cells

Type of hematopoietic stem cell that gives rise to formed elements including RBC

Megakaryocytes

Giant bone marrow cells responsible for producing blood platelets

Granulocytes/Granular Leukocytes

Leukocytes with abundant granules in their cytoplasm

Neutrophils

Granulocytes that are especially active against bacteria

Eosinophils

Granulocytes active against parasitic worms and involved in inflammation

Basophils

Granulocytes that store histamine and heparin

Monocytes

Agranular leukocytes that circulate in the bloodstream

Macrophage

Phagocytic cell of the myeloid lineage

Platelets/Thrombocytes

Formed elements of blood that consist of cell fragments from megakaryocytes

Hemostasis

Physiological process by which bleeding ceases

Fibrinolysis

The gradual degradation of a clot

Systemic circuit

Blood flow to and from virtually all tissues of the body

Pulmonary circuit

System of blood vessels that provide gas exchange

Pericardium

Outermost layer of the heart with fibrous and visceral layers

Epicardium

Visceral layer of the pericardium

Myocardium

Muscles of the heart

Endocardium

Thin layer that lines the myocardium

Coronary sinus

Vein that drains the heart myocardium into the right atrium

Foramen ovale

Fetal opening between the atriums

Ductus arteriosus

Blood flow of the arterial ducts

Ductus venosus

Blood flow of the venous ducts to other organs

Pectinate muscles

Muscle texture of the atriums

AV valves

Valves between the atrium and ventricles

Trabeculae carnae

Rigid texture in the cardiac muscle

Chordae tendineae

Heart strings

Semilunar valves

Valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards

Heart sounds

Sounds of the closing of the AV valves and semilunar valves

Heart Rate

# of times the heart contracts per minute

Lub/dub

Sounds of the closing of heart valves

Coronary circulation

Carries blood to the muscle

Coronary arteries

what tube carries blood to myocardium

Cardiac veins

Carries blood away from the heart

Cardiac cycle

Period of time between atrial contraction and ventricular relaxation

Systole

The contraction of the heart

Diastole

The relaxing of the heart

Arterioles

Smaller arteries

Capillaries

Areas of exchange between venules and arterioles

Venules

Smaller veins

Vasoconstriction

Constricting of vessels

Vasodilation

Dilation of vessels

Varicose veins

Constricted veins due to pressure

Mean Arterial Pressure

The average pressure of the blood in arteries

Hydrostatic pressure

The primary force driving fluid transport between capillaries and tissues

Blood hydrostatic pressure

The force exerted by blood within vessels

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure (CHP)

Pressure exerted by blood against the wall of a capillary

Blood colloidal osmotic pressure (BCOP)

Pressure created by the concentration of colloidal proteins in blood

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

The interaction of hydrostatic and osmotic pressures that drives fluid out of capillaries

Cardiac Output (CO)

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during one minute

Stroke Volume (SV)

Amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per contraction

Ischemic Stroke

Occurs when a blood clot blocks an artery and cuts off blood flow to the brain

Hemorrhaging

Excessive bleeding

Fetal Shunts

Foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus

Autocrine

Chemical signal that causes a response in the same cell that secreted it

Function of Hormones

Induce a response to organs

Blood clotting system/steps

Vasoconstriction, platelet plug, coagulation, fibrinolysis