IB Music HL: Introductory and General Vocab

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Chapters 1 - 12

113 Terms

1

style

  • the characteristic way an artwork is represented

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2

vernacular musics

  • ordinary everyday music

  • EX: pop or folk

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3

oral transmission

  • the preservation of music without the aid of written notation

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4

medium

  • the specific group that performs the piece

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5

symphony

  • four-movement orchestral work

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6

genre

  • more general term that suggest something of the overall character of the work as well as its function

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7

secular music

  • music for entertainment purposes

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8

sacred music

  • music for religious purposes

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9

arpeggio

  • broken chord

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10

harmonics

  • eerie crystalline tones

  • very high register

  • produced by lightly touching the string at certain points while the bow is drawn across the string

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11

mute

  • small attachment that fits over the bride of a string instrument

  • muffles the sound

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12

triple / quadruple stopping

  • playing three or four strings together

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13

double stopping

  • playing two strings at once

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14

trill

  • rapid alternation between two notes

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15

tremolo

  • the rapid repetition of a tone though a quick up and down movement of the bow

  • associated with suspense and excitement

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16

glissando

  • a finger of the left hand slides along the string while the right hand draws the bow

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17

pizzicato

  • plucked

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18

staccato

  • short and detached

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19

legato

  • smoothly connecting the notes

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20

vibrato

  • a slight throbbing effect

  • achieved by a rapid wrist and finger movement on the string

  • slightly alters the pitch

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21

double bass

  • lowest of the orchestral string instruments

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22

cello

  • AKA: violonecello

  • lower range then the viola

  • notable for its singing quality and dark resonance

  • in the lower register

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23

viola

  • instrument larger than the violin

  • has a lower range

  • strings are longer thicker and heavier

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24

violin

  • evolved to its present form from instrument makers in Italy

  • 1600 - 1750

  • string instrument

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25

bowed and plucked

  • instruments that are bowed and plucked are in the sting family

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26

membranophones

  • drum type instruments that are sounded from tightly stretched membranes

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27

idiophones

  • produce sound from the substance itself

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28

chordophones

  • produce sound from a vibrating string stretched between two points

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29

aerophones

  • produce sound by using air

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30

vibrato

  • a throbbing effect on an instrument

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31

voice types

  • vocal ranges from highest to lowest

  • EX: Female: soprano, mezzo-soprano, and alto

  • EX: Male: tenor, baritone, and bass

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32

register

  • the distance from the lowest to the highest note

  • the range of an instrument or voice

  • EX: low middle or high

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33

timbre / tone

  • accounts for the striking differences in the sound quality of musical instruments

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34

word-painting

  • emphasizing and capturing a words meaning through music

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35

melismatic

  • the opposite of syllabic

  • a single syllable can be held out over the course of multiple notes

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36

syllabic

  • a form for words to fit to music

  • using one syllable per note

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37

refrain / chorus

  • a recurring part of music and words

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38

strophic form

  • the same music is repeated for each stanza

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39

stanzas / strophes

  • phrases in which rhymes are written

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40

vernacular

  • language of the people

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41

secular

  • nonreligious

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42

vocalize

  • wordless melodies

  • EX: ahh

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43

scat-singing

  • jazz singing technique

  • using wordless syllables

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44

nonlexical

  • syllables sung with no meaning

  • EX: na na na

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45

modifiers

  • molto (very)

  • meno (less)

  • poco (a little)

  • non troppo (not too much)

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46

tempo

  • grave (slow)

  • largo (broad)

  • adagio (quite slow)

  • andante (walking pass)

  • moderato (moderate)

  • allegro (fast)

  • vivace (lively)

  • presto (very fast)

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47

volume

  • pianissimo (pp)

  • piano (p)

  • mezzo piano (mp)

  • mezzo fotre (mf)

  • forte (f)

  • fortissimo (ff)

  • brio (vigor)

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48

dynamics

  • describe the volume and intensity of the music

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49

tempo

  • rate of speed or pace of music

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50

movement

  • a complete comparatively independent division of a large-scale work

  • used to divide long pieces like sonatas

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51

ostinato

  • a short melodic rhythmic or harmonic musical pattern

  • repeated throughout a work or a major section of a piece

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52

responsorial music

  • call and response

  • a form of music based on repetition

  • a leader who is imitated or answered by an ensemble of followers

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53

motive

  • a small fragment forming a melodic-rhythmic unit within a theme

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54

sequence

  • restating of a theme or idea at a higher or lower pitch level

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55

thematic development

  • the expansion of a theme by varying its melody rhythm or harmony

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56

theme

  • a melodic idea that is used as a building block in the construction of a larger work

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57

ternary form

  • AKA: A-B-A

  • a 3 part musical form

  • a statement a departure and a return to the first section

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58

binary form

  • AKA: A-B

  • a 2 part musical form

  • based on a statement and a departure

  • no return to the opening section

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59

improvisation

  • the spontaneous creation of music

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60

variation

  • a musical form in which some aspects of the music are altered but the original is still recognizable

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61

through-composed form

  • A musical form in which no main section of the music or text is repeated

  • opposite of strophic form

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62

strophic form

  • a musical form in which the same melody is repeated with each stanza of the text

  • EX: folk song or carol

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63

form

  • the organizing principle in music

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64

round

  • simplest form of a canon

  • each voice or part enters in succession with the same melody

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65

canon

  • a strictly imitative work

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66

Imitation

  • when a melody is presented in one voice or part and then repeated later in another while the first part continues with new melody

  • Baroque Fugue.

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67

homorhythm

  • a kind of homophony

  • all parts move together in the same rhythm

  • based on harmony moving in synch with a melody

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68

homophony

  • most commonly heard texture

  • when the melodic voice is the strongest

  • accompanying lines are less prominent

  • the accompanying lines are usually chords

  • similar to polyphony: rooted in harmony rather than counterpoint.

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69

counterpoint

  • one musical line set against another

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70

polyphony

  • when two or more melodies are combined

  • based on counterpoint

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71

heterophony

  • when the melody is played or sung by multiple musicians at once

  • each musician makes small variations to the melody or rhythm

  • individual interpretations result in variations of the same melody

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72

monophony

  • when the melody is heard without any accompaniment or harmonies

  • may include rhythm / percussion

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73

texture

  • the interweaving of the melodic lines with harmony

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74

transposition

  • taking a piece of music and putting it into a new key

  • putting a piece into different ranges for other instruments

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75

modulation

  • creating tension by temporarily changing the key

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76

dominant

  • the leader of an active chord

  • the fifth scale step

  • dominant represents active harmony

  • will lead and encourage reaching a point of tonic

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77

active chords

  • counterparts rest chords

  • gives a song direction

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78

tonic

  • AKA: I Chord or Rest Chord

  • tonic is the point of ultimate rest

  • three note chord or triad built on the first scale step

  • a point of rest

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79

inflection

  • Creates microtones

  • slight dip or rise in pitch

  • “Blue note” in jazz

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80

microtone

  • could sound off key

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81

tritonic

a three note pattern

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82

pentatonic

  • a five note scale

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83

diatonic

  • both harmony and melody are firmly rooted in its key

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84

minor scale

  • has a lowered or flattened 3rd note

  • Sad and darker

  • W,H,W,W,H,W,W

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85

chromatic scale

  • all twelve half steps that make up an octave

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86

major scale

  • created by a specific pattern of hole and half step notes

  • W,W,H,W,W,W,H

  • can be created in any pitch

  • happier and upbeat

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87

key

  • when a piece is set around a central tone of a specific note

  • uses harmonies from the scale of a particular note

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88

microtone

  • mainly featured in non-western music

  • smaller than half steps

  • heard as “bent or inflected pitches” or sliding between pitches

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89

flat

  • lowering a note by a half step

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90

sharp

  • raising a note by a half step

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91

whole step

  • the distance between two notes

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92

half step

  • in Western music an octave has 12 half steps

  • even semitones

  • they are built on different scales.

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93

octave

  • the interval spanning eight notes of the scale

  • notes that are exactly one octave apart share the same pitch

  • each note is lettered A-G.

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94

drone

  • long sustained harmony note

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95

consonance

  • occurs when dissonance is resolved into a stable or restful tonality.

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96

dissonance

  • created by an unstable or discordant combination of pitches

  • creates tension

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97

tonic

  • the tonic is the central pitch harmonies and melodies are built around

  • this principle is called tonality

  • the name of the key

  • EX: Key of G = Tonic is G = Tonic is Do

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98

scale

  • a sequence of pitches within a major or minor key

  • usually 7 different pitches in a 12 tone scale

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99

triad

  • a chord where 3 different pitches of a scale are played

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100

chord

  • simultaneous sounding of three or more pitches built from a scale or sequence of pitches

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