APUSH LEQ Study

Between 36,000-14,000 years ago, people began migrating from _____ to the Americas via the _____ formed between the regions during an _____.

Asia

Bering Strait Land Bridge

Ice Age

Native societies were _____ and increasingly _____. They were greatly impacted by their _____.

distinct

complex

diverse environments

The spread of what crop from modern day Mexico north into the American Southwest and elsewhere had many effects?

maize

How did maize spreading effect?

nomadic hunter gathering societies transition into agricultural societies

supported economic development

helped social diversification among societies

American Southwest

• maize: main food source

• present day NM and AZ

• PUEBLO people crafted adobe structures and advanced irrigation systems for the maize (and beans and squash)

(adapting to their HOT environment > irrigation systems)

Great Plains

• SIOUX and others relied on a nomadic and hunter-gatherer lifestyle

  • because of the importance of hunting bison so they had to be mobile to hunt the bison

(adapting to their lack of natural resources or fertile soil> bison hunting)

East Coast (along the Atlantic Seaboard)

• English and French colonists first encounter them

• mixed agricultural and hunter gatherer economies that favored the development of PERMANENT villages

  • farm when not cold and then hunt/gather/fur trap

• Huron and Iroquois: formed political alliances with other tribes and later on, rivals with each other

(adapting to their mixed environment based on the seasons > mixed farming/hunter gatherer)

Pacific Northwest

• fishing and furry animals in the forest gave the Natives plenty of food

• vast resources of the ocean

• Chumash, Chinook

(adapting to their Coast environment with many fish > fish for eating and economy)

Mississippi River Valley

• farming > large settlements

• Cahokia (chiefdoms)

(adapting to environment with rich soil > farming which caused larger settlements [plantations])

What advances in navigation technology helped Europeans in early exploration?

sextant: determine latitudes and longitudes

Portugese caravel: small Portugese ship capable of traveling long distances, nimble

Primary Motivations for Exploration

Gold: economic motives, SEEK NEW MARKETS and money/wealth from those new markets

• trade routes: wanted to trade with ASia but had to deal with the middlemen Muslims who controlled the land-based routes (wanted to trade but also just wanted the goods like spices and silk)

Glory: economic and military power/pride increase for their country in the midst of European competition

God: spread their Christian beliefs (especially after the 16th century Reformation)

By the end of the 15th century, _____ and _____ sponsored expeditions to explore/colonize the coast of West Africa and eventually the Americas.

Portugal

Spain

Why did Spain want to get involved besides GGG?

After regaining control over the Iberian Peninsula, they wanted to explore new economic opportunities with their new power and had the spark to spread Catholicism.

1492

Columbus reaches Asia after King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (married in 1469 creating a Catholic Spain), sponsored his trip for the economic benefits. Despite wanting to reach Asia, he reaches the Bahamas (Caribbean).

Columbian Exchange

the transfer of people, food, animals, minerals, diseases, ideas, plants, etc. between EUROPE, AFRICA, and the WESTERN HEMISPHERE

How did smallpox and other diseases via the Columbian Exchange affect Native populations?

It greatly decimated their populations as the Natives had no immunities to it.

What crops did the New World bring to Europe? What were their effects?

Tomato, Potato, Corn

Population INCREASE

What animals did Europe bring to the New World?

domesticated animals like cows and horses

• alters life for the Great Plains region Natives like the Sioux because the horses allowed them to be more mobile > increased efficiency when hunting bison and increased intertribal contact BUT also increased warfare)

New sources of mineral wealth to Europe helped facilitate the shift from _____ to _____.

feudalism

capitalism

This refers to an economic and social transition in Europe from a system where land was owned by nobles who had serfs work it (feudalism), to a system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit (capitalism).

New languages examples

Spanish in Latin America

Potugese in Brazil

Native languages overlooked

Religion Transfer via the Spanish

Catholicism brought to Western Hemisphere

• missions for conversion

Encomienda System

Spanish forced labor system of Natives to work in agriculture or in extracting precious metals

Spanish Missions

used to convert Natives to Catholicism (used violence often)

What were the issues with using Natives for work?

dying because of grueling work, harsh treatment, and disease exposure

some were espacing because they know the terrain

What group was a better labor source?

Africans

As demand for ________________ increased, the reliance of the Spanish on __________ as the new sources of labor increased.

sugar and American crops

Africans people

Why did Spain implement the Caste System?

most Spanish explorers were men and thus intermarriage was common among the Natives and Spanish

So, the Spanish felt the need to create a social hierarchy

Caste System Ranking

Peninsulares

Criollos

Mestizos

Mulatos

Natives

Enslaved Africans

By the end of the 16th century, Spain had controlled most of:

_________

__________

parts of the ________

___________

___________

South America

Central America

Caribbean

Mexico

American Southwest

Colonization by all of Europe was based on the belief that:

European civilizations were superior

What was the convert Native resistance?

Tribes kept theirtraditional tribal culture, beliefs, language, and world views rather than accepting or adopting European culture.

• saught the preserve their “cultural autonomy”

How did Natives resist in this way?

diplomatic negotiations

trade relations with the settlers

military resistance

Pueblo’s Revolt/Pope’s Rebellion

by the 17th century, Spain had territory in the Southwest and even though there was no gold or silver, the Pueblos were there for Catholic conversion.

In 1680, Po’pay mounted a revolution against the Spanish economic, religious, and political control over the region

Successful native uprising.

• death and destruction of colonists

• Spain forced to leave for 13 years the when return, forced to let Natives retain their traditions

Juan de Sepulveda

justified Spanish colonization with these beliefs:

• Natives were not fit for self government

• enslaving was for their own good

• Spain brought civilization

Bartolome de Las Casas

documented Spanish to Native abuses

spoke out in favor of protecting Natives from abuse by Spanish colonization

first permanent colonial settlement in North America

Saint Augustine, FL

by the Spanish

1565

1607

first British permanent settlement at Jamestown

1608

French colony of Quebec established by Samuel de Champlain. By 1750, went West and south. New France FUR TRADE and JESUIT MISSIONARIES (and some soldiers)

1609

Henry Hudson chosen by the Dutch East India Company went to find passage to Asia but found the Hudson River.

• reports of fertile soil and furry animals (fur trade) inspired Dutch merchants to fund more expeditions

1624: New Amsterdam

Who/what established New Netherlands?

the Dutch West India Company (a joint-stock company) primarily seeking money from the fur trade

New France and New Amsterdam were both primarily motivated by ______________.

economic motives

To build economic and diplomatic relationships with the American Indians, what did France rely on?

trade alliances and intermarriages

Differences in size of the colonies (populations)

British colonies attracted LARGE numbers of British migrants. However, despite their greater area, the French has much LESS people (and the Dutch).

Gender/Ethincity Ratio in British Colonies

Chesapeake: MEN

New Engalnd: MEN AND WOMEN (even)

Middle: British and Dutch migrants

Motivations for regions of British colonies (region-specific)

Jamestown: desire for social mobility gained through economic prosperity

New England: political/religious conflict

improve living conditions

Because there was almost no gold or silver in any of the British colonies unlike Spain, they weremainly all about ___________. Jamestown had ____ and South Carolina had ______.

agriculture

tobacco

rice plantations

British colonization funding

not Crown sponsored but oten privated individuals and Joint Stock companies

for the most part, was their British forced labor of Natives?

No. They just wanted the land and preferred the Natives to leave.

• used indentured servitude instead

Chesapeake Region

-where? funding?origins? light at the end of the tunnel? labor?

Virginia and Maryland

Jamestown (1607)

• funded by a joint stock company (Virginia Company of London)

• in the beginning, BAD (all men, starving, cannibalism).

• things turn around after local help from the Powhatan, John SMith establishing military and labor discipline, and John Rofle bringing brown gold tobacco which made money

• tobacco > cash crop > made colony profitable but labor intensive

  • relied on indentured servitude (ppl from Brtiain going for social mobility and in exhcange for passage they would work for 7 years)

  • then in 1619, slavery started to replace IS’s after fright from BACON’S REBELLION (1676)

New England

-Plymouth Colony: established by? government?

-Puritans led by? funded by? goals? society?

Puritans trying to live out God’s plan

Plymouth Colony (1620):

• established by the Pilgrims, religious separatists

• before arriving on foot, the colonists signed the Mayflower Compact

  • basic government based on majority rule (egalitarian)

Following the Plymouth Pilgrims, Puritans:

• led by John Winthrop

• funded by the Massachusetts Bay Company

• Winthrop established the Massachusetts Bay Colony

• “City Upon a Hill"

Small towns, family farms.Economy mixed on farming and trade (weather).

Middle Colonies

• broad range of European migrants (societies with great cultural, ethnic, and religious diversity)

Pennsylvania:

• Quaker colony founded by Quaker pacifist William Penn

• religious toleration

• Quakers, Scotts, Irish, Germans, others

New York colony established where New Amsterdam was (acquired by the British in 1664)

EXPORT economy on CEREAL crops

Southern Colonies and British West Indies

long growing season, plantation economy supported that export a staple crop

• sugarcane in the West Indies

• Rice in South Carolina (and tobacco, cotton)

relied on the labor of enslaved Africans (In the West Indies and South Carolina, there was a majority Black population)

• reliance increased as demand grew for crops

From 1607-1763, the British colonies would each develop relatively _______ from British control.

free

With Britain having its own internal affairs, they left colonies to create their own self-governing institutions that were _________. Give an example from New England and Virginia.

unusually democratic

• New England town hall meetings (amle churchgoers)

• Virginia House of Burgesses (legislature by elite planters but have a good amount of decision making and local authority to colonists)

Transatlantic Trade

• Triangular Trade

North America explorts raw materials like tobacco, fur, and sugar to Europe who makes manufactured goods that are trade for slaves which are brought to America and the Carribean via the brutal Middle Passage.

Mainaldnds needed to keep their colonies profitable and keep a favorable balance of trade via __________.

mercantilism (export > import to increase gold and silver for the country)

To keep colonies profitable and pursue mercantilist economic goals, Britain passed the __________. What were they?

Navigation Acts

• required trade of colonies to be conducted on British ships

• certain goods could only be sent to British ports so they could be taxed/could only be traded to Britain

  • ensured British access to colonial raw materials and that the colonies would serve as a market for English manufacturing

    • kept profitability with the colonies

    • protects against European competition in trade with the colonies

Port _________________ became very profitable so there was a growing ________.

cities

merchant class

Colonies became ______ on English manufactured goods.

Some found ways around not being able to _____.

depedent

trade with foreign nations

1763: French and Indian War (post)

Engalnd in debt so they need colonies to help pay off this debt > really started to enforce the laws and the Stamp Act/Declaratory Act ensured.

Metacom’s War (1675-1678)

New England

tribes led by Wampanoag Metacom leader to resist encroaching settlement and threats to Native sovereignty

colonists killed but resistance defeated (more explansion opportunity)

Bacon’s Revlelion (1676-1677)

Virginia

indicative of colonial tension on frontier colonial settlers vs. elite colonial leaders AND conflict on frontier between Natives and former indentured servants and formerly enslaved people over land

Pueblo’s Revolt (1680)

led to the death of many Spanish colonists

because less Spanish there, when they returned to the Southwest region a little over a decade later, they were forced to accommodate some aspects of American Indian culture