Unit 2 | Biology

organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon and at least one other atom.

what does chlorophyll do? what does it contain?

clorophyll is an organic compound that is key to turn the sun’s energy into chemical energy. it has one magnesium at it’s center.

what is hemoglobin’s purpose? what does it contain?

hemoglobin is an organic compound that takes oxygen from a whales lung and delivers it to the rest of the body. It contains iron.

what are enzymes, and what do over 300 of them contain?

enzymes are organic compounds that help chemical reactions take place. they contain zinc.

what is carbonic anhydrase

it is an enzyme that maintains the balance of acid in your stomach.

more than 30 enzymes contain what element?

copper

lysyl oxidase

necessary for building and maintaining connective tissue

Vitamin B12

an organic compound that contains cobalt

What does vitamin B12 help do?

helps the development of red blood cells and helps maintain the nervous system

Bioluminescence

light produced by a living organism

how is bioluminescence triggered?

calcium triggers a release of energy in certain proteins

Ions are often electrical signals for what?

cellular communication

Inorganic compound

a compound that does not contain carbon

Calcium exists as the Ion

Ca²+

carbon dissolves into

bicarbonate ions (H3Ov3²-)

which compound is vital to the balance of water?

sodium

what ions regulate heartbeat?

potassium (K+)

what ions are important for cell balance?

chloride ions (Cl-)

what ions are used in aerobic respiration and maintain the balance of acids and bases?

hydrogen ions (H+)

some roles of calcium ions

muscle function, clotting of blood, transfer of nerve messages

some roles of potassium ions

regulate heartbeat, plays key role in how materials move in and out of a cell

roles of chlorine ions

balancing blood volume, blood pressure, cellular fluids, and pH

living things are mostly made of

water

polar molecule

a molecule that has an unequal distribution of charges

water is a

polar molecule

hydrogen bond

a partially charged atom and a hydrogen atom

water has a

hydrogen bond

cohesion

a result of hydrogen bonds. an attraction of water between the same kinds of molecules or substances. Because of the electrical attraction between hydrogen and oxygen they get equally pulled in all directions

adhesion

water’s attraction to molecules that have any hint of electrical charge

surface tension

a result of cohesion

what is the process of water going through roots?

because of adhesion the water sticks to the inner tube. because of cohesion the water pulls each other along

aqueous environment

watery environment

solvent

causes another material to dissolve

solution

the result of being dissolved

solute

the material dissolved by the solvent

what is the universal nature solvent

water

the cellular environment is

aqueous

monossacharides

mono - one,sacharide - sugar. Most basic unit of carbohydrates

fructose

C6H12O6. Used for energy-generating reactions

Integral monossacharide for DNA

deoxyribose

integral monossaccharide for RNA

ribose

disaccharide

two, C12H22O11

hydrrocarbon atoms

nearly all hydrogen and carbon

lipids are mainly

hydrophobic and nonpolar

lipids are only attracted to water where?

the polar head of a lipid

triglycerides

a small glycerol and three fatty acids

fatty acid

long chain of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen clustered on one end

fats and oils store energy in

carbon-hydrogen bonds

saturated fats

made up of fatty acid chains. Two bond spaces are taken by carbon, the other two by hydrogen. This allows them to pack easily.

Unsaturated fats

double bond carbon, leaving only one space for hydrogen. less ability to pack

the cell membrane is

a phospholipid bi-layer. hydrophilic heads point towards the aqueous enviroment, hydrophobic tails point away

steroids are

lipids that have a carbon ring structure

steroid hormones

messengers. like cortisol inhibits the immune system

waxes

a lipid that provides a waterproof coating

amino acids

the building blocks of all proteins

amino group in amino acids

1 nitrogen, 2 hydrogen

carboxyl group in amino acids

one carbon, two oxygen and one hydrogen

the r group in amino acids

that is what changes depending on what amino acid

peptide bond

an enzyme causes a dehydration reaction

how do peptide bonds form

The OH bonds form with the H bonds.

polypeptide

when the reaction of a peptide forming keeps happening, and forms a long chain.

how is protein formed

when polypeptide chains twist and fold together to give protein a complex shape and structure

protein provides

structure and support

protein provides ___ and helps

protein provides storage and helps transport materials throughout your body

proteins helps organisms

respond to their environment

Proteins defend

the body from disease