Body Systems + Cells

Hypothalmus

detects increase in body temp. causes sweating

Homeostasis

maintains the bodys internal enviornment

Reproductive System Male

Testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, urethra (maintain sex characteristics and perpetuate species)

Reproductive system female

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina (maintain sex characteristics and perpetuate species)

Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra (Chemical regulation of blood, forms and eliminates urine, maintains homeostasis)

Digestive System

Alimentary canal: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus

Associated glands: salivary, liver, pancreas (converts food into absorbable substance, eliminates waste)

Respiratory System

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (O2→ CO2 exchange in blood)

Lymphatic/ Immune System

Lymph nodes, lymph vessels, thymus gland, spleen (drains tissues excess fluid, transports fats, develops immunities)

Cardiovascular System

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries (transport substances to and from cells)

Endocrine system

Endocrine glands (works with nervous system to regulate chemical aspects of the body)

Nervous System

Brain, spinal cord, cranial and peripheral nerves, sensory and motor structures (control and regulation, interpreting stimuli)

Muscular system

Muscles, fasciae, tendon sheaths, and bursae (movement, pushing food and blood, contracting heart)

Skeletal System

Bones, cartilage, membranous structures (movement, blood production, fat and mineral storage, protection)

Integumentary System

Skin, Hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (protection, insulation, regulation of water and temperature)

Tissues

Made of different cells

Epithelial (tissues)

Forms boundaries between different enviornments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters (skin surface, glands, lining of hollow organs, ex: digestive tract)

Connective (tissues)

supports, connects, binds other tissues together (bones, tendons, fats and other soft padding tissues)

Muscle (tissues)

contracts to cause movement (skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, smooth muscles)

Nervous (tissues)

connects sensory structures to motor structures, internal communication (brains, spinal cord, nerves)

Cells

Smallest unit of life, perform all activities needed to maintain life (metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion, reproduction)

Right Upper Quadrant

Liver, gallbladder, antrum + pylorusuodenum, head of pancreas, right kidney + adrenal gland, hepatic flexure + right half of transverse colon

Left Upper Quadrant

Largest part of spleen, left lobe of liver, body and tail of pancreas, left kidney + adrenal gland, splenic flexure of the colon, transverse + descending colon

Left Lower Quadrant

Descending colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary + fallopian tube, left ureter

Right Lower Quadrant

Cecum, appendix, Ascending colon, right ovary + fallopian tube, right ureter

Umbilical Holds…

Aorta, pancreas, small intestines

Suprapubic holds…

urinary bladder, uterus

Epigastrium

Stomach, duodenum, pancreas

Plasma Membrane

Serves as external cell barrier, Proteins act as receptors for chemical messangers, transports proteins. regulates what enters and exits cell

Cytoplasm + cytoskeleton

Hosts chemical reactions + gives cell shape

Nucleus

control center of cell, transmits genetic information, provides instruction for protein synthesis, houses chromatin

Nuclear membrane

regulates what comes in and out of the nucleus

free ribosomes

Hosts protein synthesis, for inside the cell

mitochondria

Hosts ATP synthesis, powers the cell

nucleolus

Hosts manufacturing of ribosome subunits, synthesizes ribosomes

genes

Determines traits

chromatin

Packages DNA

telomeres

Protects chromosome ends

Golgi Apparatus

Packages, modifies, and segregates proteins secretion from the cell. Modifies carbohydrates on protein.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Bounds proteins in vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites, External face synthesis phospholipids. protein synthesis for transport out of the cell

Peroxisome

Internal enzymes detoxify substances, enzyme (catalase) breaks down hydrogen peroxide

Cilia

Creates unidirectional current that propels substances across cell surface

Proteasome

Degrades pre-existing proteins to provide amino acids for new proteins

Lysosome

Hosts intracellular digestion, contains powerful digestive enzymes

Flagella

Propels the cell as a whole

Vacuole

Stores, water, nutrients, and waste

Centrosome

Organizes microtubules

Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum

Hosts lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification, makes hormones, Ca2+ storage.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle attached to bones, pull on bones or skin causing body movements, VOLUNTARY movement,

skeletal muscle cells

AKA muscle fibers, long cylindrical cells, multinucleate, with peripheral nuclei, obvious striations

Cardiac Muscle

Muscles of the heart, only in walls of heart, propel blood through blood vessels to all parts of body, INVOLUNTARY control

Cardiac Muscle Cells

striated, with intercalated discs, cells are branched, usually uninucleate

Smooth Muscle

In the walls of hollow organs, propels substances along internal passageways, INVOLUNTARY control

Smooth Muscle Cells

spindle shaped (tapered on both ends like an almond), central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets

Nervous Tissue

Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands), supports cells, and protects neurons, in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Nervous Tissue Cells

Neurons are branching cells, axon, dendrites, cell body, looks like giant spider web

Neurons

Highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

Neuroglia

Holds the neurons in place

Dendrites

Respond to stimuli

Axons

Transmits electrical impulses over substantial distances within the body

Simple Squamous Cell (epithelium)

single layer of flattened cells, disc shaped central nuclei, sparse cytoplasm, simplest of epithelium

Simple Squamous Epithelium

In kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, serosae. Allow materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important, secretes lubricating substances in the serosae (linings of ventral body cavities)

Squamous

flattened and scale-like cells

Cuboidal

Box-like, as tall as they are wide

Columnar

Tall and column shaped

Lumen

Inside space of tubular structure

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

In kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface. They secrete and absorb

Simple Cuboidal Cell

single layer of cubelike cells, with large, spherical, central nuclei

Simple Columnar Epithelium

In nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder, excretory ducts of some glands, ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of uterus. Absorbtion and secretion of mucus, enzymes, etc. ciliated type propels mucus.

Simple Columnar Cells

singular layer of tall cells wih round/ oval nuclei, many cells bear microvilli, some bear cillia, layer may contain mucus secreting unicellular glands.

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Ciliated: lines trachea and most upper respiratory tract, Nonciliated: in males sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands. Secretes substances, particularly mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelial Cell

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching free surface, nuclei seen at different levels, may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia.