anatomy 2020: chapter 25 urinary system

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41 Terms

1

Urinary system functions

adjust blood pH, blood volume and BP, regulate electrolytes, conserve nutrients, remove drugs & toxins

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2

kidneys

produce urine, functional unit is the nephron

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3

ureters

lined with transitional epithelium, transport urine to bladder

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4

bladder

lined with transitional epithelium, surrounded by detrusor muscle, stores urine

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5

urethra

transports urine out of the body, shared with the reproductive system in male bodies

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6

nephron

lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, functional unit of the kidney, actual location of urine production

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7

renal corpuscle

consists of glomerulus and Bowman's capsule, location of filtration

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8

glomerulus

fenestrated capillary network in the renal corpuscle

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9

Bowman's capsule

cup-shaped part of the nephron, surrounds glomerulus, includes parietal layer of simple squamous epithelium and visceral layer of podocytes

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10

reabsorption

process by which water and dissolved substances are taken back into the blood

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11

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

>99% of nutrients, some electrolytes, and 60% obligatory water reabsorption from tubular fluid

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12

ascending limb of loop of Henle

portion of nephron loop where sodium ion, chloride ion, and potassium ion are reabsorbed

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13

nephron loop (loop of Henle)

establishes osmotic gradient for water reabsorption

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14

descending limb of loop of Henle

portion of nephron loop where obligatory water reabsorption occurs

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15

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

secretion of toxins/drugs

facultative reabsorption of water can occur (controlled by ADH)

reabsorption of Na+ (Na+/K+ exchange pump controlled by Aldosterone OR Na+/H+ exchange pump stimulated by low pH)

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16

afferent arteriole

transports blood INTO the glomerulus, larger diameter than efferent arteriole

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17

efferent arteriole

transports blood OUT (exit) of the glomerulus, smaller diameter than afferent arteriole

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18

peritubular capillaries

capillary network wrapped around the nephron

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19

Juxtaglomular Apparatus (JGA)

endocrine cells located between afferent arteriole and DCT, release renin

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20

macula densa

regulates fluid composition of DCT and flow rate, release ATP, adenosine, and renin

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21

podocytes

visceral layer of glomerular capsule that wraps around glomerulus, form filtration slits

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22

mesangial cells

located between vessels of the glomerulus, controls capillary diameter and thus blood flow

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23

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

drives filtration of water, nutrients, electrolytes, and waste out of the glomerulus, blood pressure is higher here than systemic blood pressure

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24

blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

pressure created by the retention of albumin proteins in the blood, pulls some fluid back into the glomerulus

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25

capsular hydrostatic pressure (CsHP)

pressure exerted by filtrate already present inside the glomerular capsule provides slight opposition to filtration

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26

filtration pressure (FP)

actual pressure that causes filtration

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27

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

amount of filtrate produced each minute, regulated by local control (autoregulation), endocrine and neural responses

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28

autoregulation of low GFR involves

dilation of afferent arterioles, constriction of efferent arterioles, and contraction of mesangial cells

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29

central regulation of low GFR involves

activation of RAS

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30

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAS or RAAS)

renin > angiotensin I > (A.C.E) > angiotensin II > aldosterone, neural responses (ADH) > increased systemic BP and glomerular hydrostatic pressure

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31

renin

released by juxtaglomular complex when BP and GHP is low, triggers formation of angiotensin I

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32

angiotensin I

formed in the blood when renin is released, is converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (A.C.E)

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33

angiotensin II

triggers neural responses (thirst, production ADH, increase sympathetic motor tone) and the release of aldosterone

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34

aldosterone

released by adrenal cortex when angiotensin II is released, causes reabsorption of Na+ at the DCT

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35

ADH

released by neurohypophysis when angiotensin II is released, causes facultative water reabsorption at the DCT and collecting tubule

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36

pathway for formation and excretion of urine

glomerulus > glomular capsule > PCT > loop of Henle > DCT > collecting duct > papillary duct > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis > ureter > urinary bladder > urethra

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37

collecting ducts

facultative water reabsorption can occur (controlled by ADH), concentration of urea, fluid called urine

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38

detrusor muscle

smooth muscle around the wall of the bladder, contracts during micturation reflex to increase pressure (part of positive feedback loop)

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39

voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter

leads to relaxation of internal urethral sphincter

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40

countercurrent multiplication

Involves filtrate flowing in opposite directions through limbs of the loop

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41

aquaporin channels

channels in the cells of DCT and collecting duct that allow for rapid reabsorption of water, controlled by ADH

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