Chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

Matter

Anything that takes up space

Kinetic Energy

When energy is doing work

Potential Energy

When energy is NOT doing work and is being stored

Forms of Energy

What are these?

1. Chemical

2. Electrical

3. Mechanical

4. Radiant

Elements and Atoms

What is Matter made up of?

Atom

Smallest part of an element that retains all properties of an element

Nucleus

The most center part of an atom which houses:

• Protons

• Neutrons

Neutral Atom

What do we call an atom that has an equal amount of protons and electrons?

Protons

Number of _______ defines which element that atom comes from

Cations

Positively Charged Atoms

Anions

Negatively Charged Atoms

Gaining or losing electrons

How do you change the charge of atoms?

The number of bonds an atom can make

It is the number of unparied electrons in the outermost shell that determines the….

Ionic Bonds

A type of bond where a complete transfer of electrons from 1 atom to another

Covalent Bonds

A type of bond where there’s a sharing of electrons

Non-Polar Covalent Bonds

A type of covalent bonds where there’s:

• Equal sharing of Electrons

• Hydrophobic, water insoluble

Polar Covalent Bonds

A type of covalent bonds where there’s:

• Unequal sharing of Electrons

• Hydrophilic, water-soluble

Electronegativity

The strength of the attraction of the atoms for electrons

Hydrogen Bonds

Weakest type of Bonds and seen between water molecules

Synthesis Reaction

Type of reaction that makes something larger

Decomposition Reaction

Type of reaction that makes something smaller

Free Hydrogen Ions

What does pH measure?

There’s a weaker pH

With more hydrogen atoms,……

Less than 7

What level of pH is considered “Acidic”?

Equal to 7

What level of pH is considered “Neutral”?

Greater Than 7

What level of pH is considered “Basic”?

Dehydration Synthesis

Two monomers creating a big molecule linked together by a covalent bond, while losing water

Hydrolysis

A big molecule breaking down, while water is added back

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Lipids

• Nucleic Acids

What are the 4 major macromolecules?

1:2:1

What is the ratio of C,H,O for Carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

• These are the building blocks of Carbohydrates

• They have short term energy

• Polar

Monosaccharides

• Glucose

• Fructose

• Galactose

• Deoxyribose

• Ribose

These are examples of what type of carbohydrates?

Disaccharides

• Sucrose

• Maltose

• Lactose

These are examples of what type of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides

• Glycogen

• Starch

• Fiber (Can’t be digested)

This is an example of what type of carbohydrates?

Glycogen

Animals store carbohydrates as ________

Starch

Plants store carbohydrates as ______

Phospholipids

Which type of molecule is “amphipathic”?

Lipids

• Neutral Fats

• Phospholipids

• Steroids

These are all types of _______

Amino Acids

What are the “building blocks” of Protein?

Primary Structure

type of structure held together by covalent bonds

Secondary Structure

Type of structure created by forming an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet and held together by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary Strucutre

Type of structure created by forming a 3-D or globular structure and held together with a variety of bonds

Quaternary Structure

Type of structure created by 2 or more tertiary structures bond together

Enzymes

Catalysts that help speed up a chemical reactions

• Temperature

• Salt concentration

• pH

What are the three aspects of an enzyme that you can change?

Nucleotides

What are the “building blocks” of Nucleic Acids

• Sugar

• Nitrogenous Base

• a PO4 group

What are nucleotides made up of?

DNA

A molecule that is double stranded, deoxyribose sugar, A-T, G-C, never leaves the nucleus

RNA

A molecule that is single stranded, ribose sugar, A-U, G-C, can leave nucleus, template for proteins

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

The #1 form of chemical energy created in the mitochondria

Proton

Determines which element we have

Decrease in H+ concentration

If we have an increase in pH, then there is a…

Glycerol + 3 Fattty Acids

What makes up a Triglyceride?

Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + PO4 group

What makes up a phospholipid?