AP Biology - Functional Groups(and 6 other thingies)

Honestly just stuff I got from an Edpuzzle. Still, should be some help to ya.

Organic Chemistry

The study of carbon-containing compounds.

Four valence electrons

Carbon has ____________, making it able to have four covalent bonds at the same time.

Isomers

Molecules with the same formula but different structures are called ______, as they can completely change the function of a molecule.

Enantiomers

A sub-category of isomers; essentially mirror-images of the original molecule.

Geometrical Isomers

A sub-category of isomers; where the atoms are arranged differently, but with the same bonds as the original.

Structural Isomers

A sub-category of isomers; when atoms are bonded to different atoms in comparison to ther original.

Functional Groups

These different GROUPS of different atoms/molecules give compounds and macromolecules their different properties, or FUNCTIONS.

Hydroxyl

\-Polar, Hydrophilic

\-good for reactions

\-Becomes an alcohol when R is a alkyl group

Carbonyl

\-Common in carbohydrates

\-Not to be confused with group of similar name

Carboxyl

\-Acidic, attached to amino ACIDS

\-Not to be confused with group of similar name

Amino

\-Basic

\-Compounds are amines

\-Attached to AMINO acids

Sulfhydryl

\-Also referred to as a thiol group

\-Compounds are thiols

\-stabilizes some proteins, so sometimes found in amino acids

\-smells really bad

Phosphate

\-good for energy transfer

\-found in ATP(it’s the P, by the way) and special lipids for the cell membrane

Methyl

\-Super important for gene expression, found in nucleic acids

\-hydrophobic, so found in lipids, too