Biology 101

ACE inhibitor

lowers blood pressure and treats congestive heart failure

Green Fluorescent Protein

used to visualize cells and cellular functions; makes jellyfish glow

9 banded armadillo

produces identical quadruplets from a single egg

Aspirin

drug that comes from the bark of a white willow tree

taxol

a cancer drug used for treating breast and ovarian cancer, derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree

antibiotics

medications used to treat bacterial infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria. most of them come from the soil

biopharmaceuticals

medical drugs produced using biotechnology

evolution

the diversity of life evolved over time by process of mutation, selection, and genetic change

Structure and function

information flow, exchange, and storage

biology

the scientific study of life and living organisms and how they have evolved

unity of life

all forms of life coming from a common ancestor

protons, neutrons, and electrons

all organisms are comprised of these particles

C, H, O, N, P, S

all organisms are comprised of these elements

hereditary material

directions for the development and functioning of all living organisms.

raw materials

the building blocks necessary for life processes.

energy inputs

hold and maintains the necessary power for cellular processes and life functions.

scala naturae

a hierarchical classification of living organisms, often depicted as a ladder of life from simple to complex forms. it sets man above and apart from nature

Aristotle

father of classic taxonomy

Carolus Linnaeus

developed the system of binomial nomenclature for naming species and classified organisms into nested hierarchies based on shared similarities

Binomial Nomenclature

a formal system for naming species using two terms, typically in Latin

genus

first word in the binomial nomenclature that can be used alone

species

second word in the binomial nomenclature that cant be used alone; it must follow a previous word

Taxonomy

the rules for identifying and classifying organisms

adaptation

any modification that makes an organism better suited to its way of life

descent with modification

the principle that species change over time, with traits being passed from ancestors to descendants.

process of evolution

1. variations

2. adaptation

3. competition

4. natural selection

5. occurs constantly in all species

vertical descent

process of evolution where genetic material is passed down from one generation to the next, leading to gradual changes over time

horizontal gene transfer

exchanges of genetic material that are transformative between different species (not-offspring)

biosphere

regions of the earth’s waters, crust, and atmosphere in which organisms can exist

ecosystem

community and its physical environment

community

populations of all species occupying the same area

population

organisms of the same species in a particular area

organism

an individual composed of specialized cells, tissue, organs, and organ systems

organ systems

groups of organs working together

organ

groups of tissues working together for a function

tissue

group of cells with a common structure and function

cell

structural and functional unit of all living things

energy

the capacity to do work

sun

ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on earth. It drives photosynthesis

metabolism

all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

homeostasis

maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions within certain boundaries

characteristics of life

dna, oganized, grow and develop, reproduce, adapt and respond to the environment, cells, energy

scientia

knowledge

qualitative

data that describes qualities or characteristics rather than numerical values

quantitative

describing data that can be measured and expressed numerically.

hypothetico

process by which scientists gain new knowledge or explain natural phenomena

hypothesis

a tentative testable explanation for what was observed

penicillin

the first antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming

matter

anything that has mass and occupies space

atomic number

number of protons in the nucleus

mass number

number of protons plus the number of neutrons

isotopes

atoms of the same element with a differing number of neutrons

radioisotopes

isotopes that spontaneously decay

americium 241

synthetic element, it detects smoke from fire

cobalt 60

used to irradiate food making it safer to eat, longer shelf life, detects in vitamin B12 absorption

mutagenic

can cause cancer

tracers

reveal a pathway or destination of a substance that has entered a cell, the human body, or an ecosystem

chromius 151

attaches to hemaglobin in red blood cells

iodine 131

thyroid hormones, visualize thyroid

glucose

brain activity, measured using a PET scan

technetium 99m

bone imaging

phosphorus 32

plant usage of it

bohr model

electron shells around the nucleus

chemically reactive

atoms with fewer than 8 electrons in the outermost shell

valence electrons

electrons available to combine with other atoms

molecule

two or more atoms bonded together

bonds

forces that hold molecules and compounds together

octet rule

atoms tend to combine so that they have 8 electrions in their outer shell

ionic bonds

an attraction between atoms with opposite electrical charges

anion

electron acceptor

cation

electron donor

calcium chloride

electrolyte in a sports drink, preservatives, insect bites, stings

electrolytes

ions that carry electrical current in solution; common in body, dissolve in fluids

covalent bonds

when 2 atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

nonpolar

unequal sharing of electrons

polar

equal sharing of electrons

free radicals

atom with a single, unpaired electron in its outer shell

oxidative stress

formed by exposure of cells to radiation, toxins, inflammation, and normal metabolism

Thermal Inertia

resistance to temperature change

1 calorie

raise ice from -2 to -1 degrees

1 calorie

raise ice from -1 to 0 degrees

80 calories

raise ice from 0 to 1 degrees

solution

solvent plus solute

solvent

most abundant part of a mixture

solute

less abundant part; part that dissolves

hydrophilic

polar compounds that readily disolve

hydrophobic

nonpolar compounds that dissolve only slightly

cohesion

hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules tightly together

adhesion

hydrogen bonds that form between water and other polar materials, it coats or wets a surface

strong acid

dissociation of an acid that is almost total

strong base

dissociation of a base that is almost total

pH scale

it is used to indicate acidity and alkalinity of a solution

urine

pH 5-8

10x

each unit change on the pH scale represents a change in ____

buffers

solutes in water that resist change in pH

allotropes

diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon are all types of this

organic

carbon based chemistry

inorganic

chemistry of elements other than carbon

carbon

contains a total of 6 electrons, is very diverse, and is stable at different temperatures