unit 5 bio vocab

Gene

Physical and functional unit of heredity a sequence of dna that codes for a protein

Asexual reproduction

Form of reproduction that produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent

Sexual reproduction

Mixing of genetic material form two individuals to produce genetically unique offspring

Somatic cells

All the cells of a multicellular organism except the gametes or reproductive celll

Diploid

Cell nucleus or organism containing two sets of chromosomes

Homologs

Similarity in characteristic resulting from a shared ancestry

Autosomes

Any of the non sex chromosomes

Sex chromosomes

Specific pair of chromosomes that determine and organisms biological sex

Haploid gametes

Specialized sex cells that carry exactly half the normal amount of genetic material

Meiosis

A nuclear division process that results in four haploid cell

Fertilization

Union of two haploid cells form two individual organisms

Zygote

A fertilized egg

The very first cell that forms when a new organism is created through sexual reproduction

Law of segregation

Paired unit factors segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting and combination of factors

Alleles

Gene variation that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

Phenotype

Observable traits expressed by an organism

Heterozygotes

Having two different alleles for a given gene in the homologous chromosome

Dominant

Inheritance pattern in which an allel is lethal both in the homozygous and the heterozygote gate this allele can only be transported if the lethality phenotype occurs after reproductive age

Recessive

Trait that appears latent or non expressed when the individuals also carries a dominant trait for the same characteristics when present as two identical copies the recessive trait is expressed

Homozygotes

Organisms that have two identical copies of a specific gene

Law of independent assortment

Gene do not influence each other regard to sorting of alleles into gametes every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur

Dihybrid

Result of a cross between two true breedings parents that express different traits of two characteristic

Pedigree

A biological family tree that tracks a specific genetic trait like disease or eye color that is passed down through generations

Carriers

Membrane protein that moves a substance across the plasma membrane by changing its own shape

Sex linked genes

Genes that are located on the sex chromosomes rather than the other 22 pairs of chromosomes

Crossing over

The biological equivalent of shuffling a deck of cards it is the process where homologous match chromosomes pairs and swap pieces of their dna during meiosis

Aneuploidy

Condition of the cell having an extra Che or missing a chromosome for its species

Nondisjunction

Failure of synapsed homologs to completely separate and migrate to separate poles during the first cell division of meosis

Deletions

A type of genetic mutation where one or more nucleotide are accidentally left out or removed during DNA replication

Duplication

A type of mutation where a section of genetic material is accidentally copied a second time

Inversions

Soles of the feet moving inward toward the midline of the body

Translocation

Process when one segment of a chromosome dissociates and reattached to a different no homologous chromosome

Down syndrome

Happens when a person is born with an extra copy of chromosomes 21