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Genetics
the study of all aspects of genes
Genes
the fundamental units of biological information
necessary to give form
functional regions that code for proteins
Genomes
a complete gene set in organisms
Chromosomes
carry information from generation to generation of cells
Nucleotides
the building blocks of DNA and RNA
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
nucleotides of DNA
adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine
nucleotides of RNA
Transcription
the process of DNA being copied and made into mRNA
Translation
the process of mRNA being decoded and made into amino acid chains (proteins)
Central Dogma of genetics
DNA → RNA → proteins
Mutation
a change in the DNA sequence of an organism, which can occur due to errors during DNA replication or exposure to environmental factors
causes of mutations
mistakes in DNA processing in the cell
environment agents such as radiation or reactive chemicals
Epigenetics
heritable changes in DNA that is not based on mutation
Histone proteins
basic proteins that help organize DNA into chromosomes and regulate gene expression
found in eukaryotic cells
Forward genetics
investigating existing mutations (genetic variation)
Reverse genetics
creating mutations and investigating the effects on organisms
Transgenic organisms
an organism whose genome has been artificially altered by the introduction of a foreign DNA sequence from another species
detecting DNA sequences
used in forensics, medicine, agriculture, ecology, systematics, etc
model organisms
organisms that are well suited and east to study
can help us understand the minimum levels of organisms required for life
Brewer’s yeast
model organism example
Population genetics
the mathmatical study and description of population change
Evolution
the change in the frequencies of forms of genes (alleles) in populations
Phylogenetics
use of DNA sequences to reconstruct evolutionary lineages
Allele
one of two or more alternative forms of a gene
Loci
the specific location of an allele in a chromosome
female
what does this mean in a pedigree
male
what does this mean in a pedigree
affected with a trait
what does this mean in a pedigree
deceased
what does this mean in a pedigree
twins
what does this mean in a pedigree
