Chapter 25 HW. Metabolism, Nutrition, Energetics

Reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

The mitochondria

The first steps of catabolism generally take place in the

Cytosol

Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules?

2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules

The function of the citric acid cycle is to

remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.

All of the following occur during glycolysis, except

a molecule of carbon dioxide is produced.

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest.

glucose

The end products of aerobic respiration are

Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the

Electron transport system

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called

gluconeogenesis

The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are

NAD and FAD

The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of

substrate-level phosphorylation.

Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________.

acetyl-CoA

The smallest lipoproteins, called __________, transport cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

high-density lipoproteins

By keeping the other two variables constant and changing only one at a time, based on the formula: LDL = cholesterol - HDL - (Triglycerides/5), which of the following would have the greatest effect in reducing LDL levels?

reducing cholesterol levels

Where does beta-oxidation take place

in the mitochondria

The lipoproteins that carry absorbed triglycerides from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream are

chylomicrons

In order to determine the LDL level in a patient's blood, it is necessary to measure

total cholesterol level, HDL level, and triglyceride level.

________ carry excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver.

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Fatty acids that are necessary for proper health but cannot be synthesized by the body are called ________ fatty acids.

essential

During amino acid catabolism, the enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acids requires a co-enzyme derived from vitamin __________.

B-6

Which organ produces most of the urea in the body?

liver

The conversion of ammonia into a less toxic substance produces

urea

A high uric acid level (above 7.4 mg/dl) can lead to the painful condition known as

gout

When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. When NADH is ________ it becomes NAD+.

Reduced; oxidized

The removal of amino group from a protein to prepare it to enter the citric acid cycle is termed

deamination

Protein malnourishment may occur if the diet is deficient in

essential amino acids.

When the body is relying on internal energy reserves to continue meeting its energy demands, it is in the ________ state.

postabsorptive

On a tour of African countries, Mark contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he can't eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in all of the following, except

glycogenesis

Frank has diabetes mellitus and his blood pH has dropped. What is the most likely cause of his acidosis

excess ketone formation

An element that is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes is

iron

The element that is necessary for the proper function of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase is

Zinc

The vitamin that plays a role in maintaining epithelia and is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is vitamin

A

The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is vitamin

K

Inadequate exposure to sunlight could result in decreased amounts of vitamin ________ in the body.

D

Eating disorders are common among girls and young women. They result from a psychological problem that causes inadequate or excessive food consumption. Two major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and

Bulimia

Which of the following activities is not related to kidney function?

lipid digestion

When the bladder is full, urine is eliminated through the process known as

micturition.

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

The cavity of the kidney that receives urine from the calyces is called the

renal pelvis.

The condition called ________ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can become twisted or kinked during movement.

floating kidney

Capillaries that surround the proximal convoluted tubules are

peritubular capillaries.

The glomerular (Bowman's) capsule and the glomerulus make up the

renal corpuscle.

You have been diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, a severe autoimmune disorder with a wide variety of organ-related disorders. Your doctor is worried about how this will affect your kidney function. He says that you are susceptible to ________ because of the lupus.

glomerulonephritis

Filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the

proximal convoluted tubule.

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

reabsorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins, and water.

The majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney.

cortex

Blood is directly supplied to a nephron by its __________.

afferent arterioles

The urinary filtrate first enters __________.

the glomerular (Bowman) capsule

________ is the most abundant organic waste.

Urea

One of the organic substances not normally excreted by the kidney is __________.

protein

Sheila has been exercising at peak performance for about 60 minutes. She did not hydrate as effectively as she should have and as a result, her urine is deep yellow and low in volume. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism affecting this?

blood colloid osmotic pressure

Which of these effects is NOT produced by sympathetic activation?

increased glomerular filtration rate

The process of filtration is driven mainly by

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

The main force that causes filtration in a nephron is

glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to all of the following except

increased fluid retention.

A decrease in blood albumin level will cause a decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure. This will lead to a rise in the net glomerular filtration pressure. Are these two statements true or false?

Both statements are true.

Secretion of hydrogen ion by the PCT is by the process of

countertransport

Chloride ions are reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the nephron loop by

cotransport with Na and K ions.

The ________ is the plasma concentration at which a specific compound will begin appearing in the urine.

renal threshold

The process of ________ involves a carrier protein transporting a molecule down its concentration gradient.

facilitated diffusion

A transport mechanism that can move a substance against a concentration gradient by using cellular energy is

active transport.

The ________ test is often used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.

creatinine clearance

What occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?

A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws water out of the tubules and urine.

A patient consistently produces a large volume of dilute urine. This may be due to

absence of ADH.

When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) decreases,

the osmolarity of the urine decreases.

Which of these is NOT a property of countercurrent multiplication?

It is opposed by the vasa recta.

The detrusor muscle

compresses the urinary bladder expelling urine.

The inability of the kidneys to excrete adequately to maintain homeostasis is

renal failure.

Insoluble deposits that form within the urinary tract from calcium salts, magnesium salts, or uric acid are called kidney stones or renal

calculi.

Your doctor has diagnosed you with prostatitis, an inflammation and swelling of the prostate gland. One of your primary symptoms is

urinating small volumes.