male pelvis

testicle measurement

3-5 cm L

2-3 cm A-P

2-3 cm W

where does fetal testicular development occur

retroperitoneum

when should testicles descend into fetal scrotum

28 weeks

what is the peritoneum that lines each half of the scrotum and most of testes called

tunica vaginalis

scrotum is divided externally by a seam called …

median raphe

scrotum is divided internally by a seam called …

septal raphe or tunica dartos

septal raphe aka

tunica dartos

what surrounds each single testi

cremaster muscle

what does cremaster muscle do

regulate testicular temperature by contracting or relaxing

where does tunica albuginea lie

under tunica vaginalis

what is tunica albuginea

dense, fibrous capsule covering the testis

what does tunica albuginea form

inward extensions called septa

what do septa do

pass into inferior part of testis and form lobules

what do lobules contain

seminiferous tubules

what does seminiferous tubule lining create

spermatozoa

how many seminiferous tubules does each lobule contain

1-3

vaginalis sac aka

scrotal cavity

vaginalis sac

potential space between two layers of tunica vaginalis

inner layer of tunica vaginalis

visceral layer

covers testes and epididymis

outer layer of tunica vaginalis

parietal

lines scrotal sac

what does vas deferens do

transports sperm from epididymis to prostatic urethra

what do seminal vesicles do

saclike structures that store the sperm

where do seminal vesicles lie to bladder

posterior

what contributes the most volume of fluid to semen

seminal vesicles

what is the mediastinum

thickened portion of tunica albuginea that supports testicular vessels, ducts, and nerves that enter and exit the testicle

what is rete testis

network of tubules connecting straight tubules to efferent ducts

where are rete testis located

within mediastinum testis

spermatic pathway

seminiferous tubules → straight tubules → rete testis → efferent ducts → ductus epididymis → vas deferens → seminal vesicles → ejaculatory ducts → urethra

spermatic cord

supported structure of testes

what does spermatic cord contain

blood vessels, nerves, lymph nodes, cremaster muscle

where is spermatic cord attached

superior posterior aspect of testis

where do testicular arteries arise from

mid-abdomial aorta

where does left gonadal vein drain into

left renal vein

where does right gonadal vein drain into

IVC

what is pampiniform plexus

network of veins in spermatic cord that drain testis and form gonadal veins

which pole is normally more anterior

upper

which side commonly extends further caudal

left

which direction does long axis of testis usually lie

craniocaudal

what does each compartment contain

testi, epididymis, and portion of spermatic cord with ductus deferens

what exocrine function do testes carry out

production of spermatozoa

leaves ducts

what endocrine functions do testes carry out

produce sex hormones

distributed via circulatory system

normal testicular sonographic appearance

homogeneous, smooth borders, oval shape in sag, round shape in trans

what is mediastinum testis

nerves and blood vessels enter testicle

testicular appendix aka

appendix testis

hydatid of Morgagni

what is testicular appendix

vistigial remnant of the Mullerian duct

not commonly seen

where is hydatid of Morgagni attached

upper pole of testis and tunica vaginalis

testicular appendix measurement

< 1 cm

scrotoliths aka

scrotal pearls

what are scrotal pearls

benign extra testicular macro calcs within the scrotum

frequently occupy tunica vaginalis sac or epididymal sinus

describe normal doppler

low resistance waveform

measurement of scrotal wall thickness

2-8 mm

hydrocele

collection of fluid in tunica vaginalis

common cause of painless swelling

what is epididymis

comma shaped structure that curves along posterior border of testis

composed of a single tube - ductus epididymis

where does epididiymis lie to testis

posterior and lateral

typically reach below inferior pole

epididymis head aka

globus major

caput epididymis

what does globus major consist of

efferent ducts and transport sperm out of testes

epididymis body aka

corpus

what does corpus contain

ductus epididymis, where efferent ducts empty

epididymis tail aka

globus minor

what is globus minor

distal part of epididymal ducts that exit and continue as vas deferens into spermatic cord

what is ductus/vas deferens aka

seminal duct

what is ductus/vas deferens or seminal duct

muscular cord designed to pump sperm into prostatic urethra

continuationof ductus epididymis

vas deferens connect to ??? to form ????

seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct

what two things cannot be differentiated on US

spermatocele and epididymal cysts

aspiration of an epididymal cyst removes what kind of fluid

clear serous

what fluid is spermatocele cyst

creamy fluid

what is a spermatocele

cystic collection of semen or blood in spermatic cord

what does spermatic cord contain

nerves, blood and lymph vessels, vas deferens

path of spermatic cord

begins at superior aspect of testis/epididymis → inguinal canal → posterior surface of bladder → seminal vesicle

arterial supply by way of testicular artery and drainage of venous system through the ???

pampiniform plexus

scrotal wall thickness

2-8 mm

what should you always use doppler on

testes and epididymis

what should you always use spectral doppler on

arterial flow or testes

what does increased color doppler indicate

acute inflammatory process in the testicle or epididymis

what is inflamed testicle

orchitis

what is inflamed epididymis

epididymitis

what does absence of color or spectral doppler indicate

testicular torsion (loss of blood flow from twisting)

____ resistance arterial spectral doppler is normal

low

what may high resistance spectral doppler indicate

partial torsion

names for deep fascia of penis

buck’s fascia, Gallaudet’s

indications for penile US

ED, plaque, fibrosis, lumps, cancer

what is Peyronie’s disease

painful curved erections from plaque in fibrous scar tissue in tunica albuginea

prostate retro or intra peritoneal

retroperitoneal

prostate size

4cm L

3cm A-P

4cm W

often increases with age

what perforates the prostate

two ejaculatory ducts

where do the ejaculatory ducts enter the prostate

inferior margins

where do the ejaculatory ducts join prostatic urethra

near the verumontanum

base of prostate is

superior

apex of prostate is

inferior

what borders do prostatic urethra travel centrally through

anterosuperior to inferior

prostate is located where to bladder

posterior and inferior

prostate located where to semical vesicles

inferior

prostate endocrine or exocrine

exocrine

function of prostate

produces alkaline fluid that is secreted into prostatic urethra thru ducts

what does prostate alkaline fluid do

increase sperm mobility and protect sperm from acidic environment of male urethra and female system

prostate alkaline fluid makes up how much of semen volume

1/3

how many secretory ducts does prostate form

15-30 that empty into urethra

what happens during an orgasm

prostate contracts and forces fluid into urethra along with sperm and fluid from seminal vesicles

what REGULATES prostate function

testosterone

what CONTROLS prostate function

luteinizing hormone from pituitary gland