Bio 180 - Chapter 1 - Moraine Valley

Anatomy

Study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.

Name the 3 Anatomy Classifications

Gross (Macroscopic Anatomy), Microscopic Anatomy, and Developmental Anatomy.

Gross Anatomy

examines large, visible structures

Physiology

the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

List the "approaches", or subdivisions, of Gross Anatomy.

Surface Anatomy, Regional Anatomy, Systemic Anatomy, Developmental Anatomy, and Clinical Anatomy.

List the "approaches", or subdivisions, of Microscopic Anatomy.

Cytology and histology.

Surface Anatomy

Examines the general form and superficial markings of the body.

Regional Anatomy (gross anatomy)

focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.

Systemic Anatomy

body structure is studied by organ system

Developmental Anatomy

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span (between conception and physical maturity).

Clinical Anatomy

focuses on the effects of disease on the body/pathological changes to the body as a result of disease.

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

Cytology

The study of the internal structure and function of cells.

Histology

The study of tissues

Embryology

A subdivision of developmental anatomy; concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

List the four Physiology Classifications

Cell Physiology, Organ Physiology, Systemic Physiology, and Pathological Physiology.

Cell Physiology

The study of the function of cells, including processes within cells and chemical interactions between cells.

Organ Physiology

The study of the physiology, or function, of certain organs (ie. cardiac physiology).

Systemic Physiology

Study that includes all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems (ie. cardiovascular physiology).

Pathological Physiology

The study of the effects of diseases on organ functions or system functions.

Name the Levels of Organization

Chemical (molecular) level, Cell level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ System level, Organism level.

Chemical (molecular) level of organization.

Comprised of atoms combining into three dimensional structures; form molecules with complex shapes.

Cellular Level

Concerns cells, which are the component necessary for life; cells are comprised of a membrane and organelles, which reside inside of the cell.

Tissue Level

Concerns a group of cells working together to carry out a particular function.

Organ Level

Concerns two or more tissue types working together towards common functions

Organ System Level

Concerns a group of organs working together to carry out a common function.

Organism Level

The highest level of organization; concerns all organ systems working together to sustain life.

List all 11 major organ systems

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Urinary, Male Reproductive, and Female Reproductive.

Functions and Major Organs of the Integumentary System

Major Organs: Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands

Functions: Helps regulate body temperature, Protects against environmental hazards, and Provides sensory information.

Functions and Major Organs of the Skeletal System

Major Organs: Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Bone Marrow

Functions: Support and protection of other tissues, Stores calcium and other minerals, Forms blood cells

Functions and Major Organs of the Muscular System

Major Organs: Skeletal muscle, Tendons

Functions: Provides the means for movement, Provides protection and support of other tissues, Generates heat to maintain body temperature.

Functions and Major Organs of the Endocrine System

Major Organs: Pituitary gland, Adrenal glands, Endocrine tissue, Pancreas, Gonads, Thyroid gland

Functions: Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, Controls many structural and functional changes during development.

Functions and Major Organs of the Cardiovascular System

Major Organs: Heart, Blood, Blood vessels

Functions: Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, Distributes heat and assists in the control of body temperature.

Functions and Major Organs of the Lymphatic System

Major Organs: Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Lymph nodes, Tonsils

Functions: Defends against infection and disease, Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.

Functions and Major Organs of the Respiratory System

Major Organs, Nasal cavities, Sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs, Alveoli

Functions: Delivers air to the alveoli (Sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs), Provides oxygen to the lungs, Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream, Produces sound for communication.

Functions and Major Organs of the Urinary System

Major Organs: Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra

Functions: Excretes waste products from the blood, Controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced, Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, Regulates blood ion concentrates and pH

Functions and Major Organs of the Male Reproductive System

Major Organs: Testes, Prostate Gland, Penis, Epididymides, Ductus deferentia, Seminal vesicles, Scrotum

Functions: Produces male sex cells (Sprem), suspending fluid, and hormones, Sexual intercourse

Functions and Major Organs of the Female Reproductive System

Major Organs: Ovaries, Uterine tubes, Uterus, Labia, Clitoris, Vagina, Mammary glands

Functions: Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, Supports developing embryo, Provides milk to nourish newborn infant, and Sexual intercourse.

Homeostasis

The existence of a stable environment; The body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

How we maintain life - is NOT necessarily equilibrium.

Homeostatic Control/Regulation

The adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis.

Two general mechanisms of Homeostatic Control/Regulation:

Autoregulation

Extrinsic regulation

Autoregulation

When a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts activities automatically due to an environmental change.

Extrinsic Regulation

Regulation initiated by the nervous system or the endocrine system.

Two methods that regulate homeostasis:

Negative Feedback

Positive Feedback

Negative Feedback and example

Counteracting an effect; When the output shuts off, or reduces the intensity of, the original effect. Withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface.

More common

Positive Feedback and example

When an initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the original change. Usually for major and rapid changes. During labour, a baby in utero will push against the uteran walls to produce contractions to help the baby push through and out of the uterus.

When organ systems are pushed outside of normal homeostatic boundaries due to malfunctioning regulation...

A state of illness, known as disease, may occur.

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