lab final

Adapoids

strepsirrhines

-bony ring

-longer snout

Omomyoids

haplorhines

-short snout

-bony tube

Parapithecidae

Platyrrhine

-2133

Propliopithecidae

Catarrhine-like
Aegyptopithecus
Characteristics
2:1:2:3

Sivapithecus/Ramapithecus

orangutans-no suspensory adaptations

anteriorly placed foramen magnum

larger mastoid process

s-shaped spine

larger lumbar vertebrae

Ilia

short broad and splayed

Sacrum

short and broad

Valgus angle

femur angled in towards the knee instead of straight down

femur

-elongated femoral neck

-higher femoral head

-elongated diaphysis(shaft)

-pronounced linea aspera (femur line)

foot

-Hallux in line

-robust first metatarsal

-transverse and longitudinal arches

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

-chad(west africa)

-7-6 mya

-small brain

-large brow ridge (supraorbital torus)

-parabolic dental arcade

-reduced sectorial complex

-crainum says biped, femur does not

Orrorin tugenensis

-kenya (east africa)

-6 mya

-biped femur

-long legs

-thick molar enamel

Ardipithecus ramidus

-ethiopia

-4.4 mya

-divergent hallux

-compacted skull

-reduced canines

-small brain

Australopithecus anamensis

-east africa (kenya/ethiopia)

-4.17-3.9 mya

-tibia indicates bipedality

Australopithecus afarensis

-east africa (ethiopia, tanzania, kenya)

-3.6-3mya

-small cranial capacity

-prognathic

-remnant sectorial complex

-parallel dental arcade

-simian shelf (lower jaw has a mouth roof)

Kenyanthropus platyops

-East Africa (kenya)

-3.5 mya

-flat face profile

-bipedal

-cranium distorted

Australopithecus bahrelghazali

-central/west africa (chad)

-3.5-3 mya

-bicuspid lower p3

Australopithecus garhi

-East Africa(ethiopia)

-2.5 mya

-cut marked bones

-less arboreal locomotion

Australopithecus africanus

-South Africa

-3-2mya

-anterior pillars

-no remnant sectoral

-bicuspid p3

-smaller teeth

-parabolic dental arcade

-less prognathic

-more globular cranium (no sagittal crest)

Australopithecus sediba

-south africa

-1.98 mya

-closest to A. africanus

-pronounced glabella

-parabolic dental arcade

-globular cranium

-less flaring zygomatic arches (cheekbones)

-small post canine teeth

-weakly arched supraorbital torus

-no anterior pillars

-long arms, short hands

Robust australopithecines

-post canine megadontia

-wide flaring zygomatics

-saggital crest

-small cranial capacity

-postorbital constriction

-dish-shaped face

robust australopith dentition

-huge jaw

-small incisors/canines

large premolars/molars

-parabolic dental arcade

-simian shelf

-no diastema

Australopithecus aethiopicus

-east africa (Ethiopia)

-2.7-2.3mya

-largest sagittal crest

-highest post orbital constriction

-most dished face

-postcanine megadontia

Australopithecus boisei

-East Africa (Tanzania)

-2.3-1.3 mya

-hyper robust

-largest

-postcanine megadontia

-nutcracker man

Australopithecus robustus

-South Africa

-2.0-1.5 mya

-least robust

-anterior pillars

Homo habilis

-east/south africa

-2.3-1.6 mya

-globular skull

-reduced prognathism

-prominent supraorbital torus

-parabolic dental arcade

-smaller postcanine teeth

-biped but long arms and climbing adapted hands

Homo rudolfensis

-East africa

-2.4-1.6mya

-larger orgonathic face

-robust jaw, broad molars

-primative supraorbital torus

Homo erectus

-africa, asia

-1.9mya-200kya

derived:

-modern body proportions

-smaller teeth

-globular cranium

-more orthognathic

archaic:

-prominent brow ridge

Homo ergaster

-expanded range in africa

-1.8-1 mya

-supraorbital torus

-rounded cranium but with a sloping back

early H.erectus Africa

-fully modern body

-larger cranial capacity

Early H. erectus Asia

ancestral small body size

derived- long lower limbs, big toe in line

later H.erectus

-long low cranium

-highly angled occipital

-angular supraorbital torus

-pronounced sagittal keel

MP Homo

-large face

-low forehead

-projecting supraorbital torus

-increased encephilization

-rounded braincase

MP Homo Africa

-600kya

-ethiopia

-massive face

-wide nasal apeture

-separate arched brow ridges

MP Homo Europe

-Germany/spain

-500 kya

-robust mandible

-large teeth

-saggital keel

-separate arched brow ridges

-wide nasal apeture

-projecting mid face

MP Homo Asia

-200kya

-higher skull height

-angled occipital

-more gracile

MP Homo overview

Derived:

-larger brain

-higher cranial vault

-reduced post orbital constriction

retention traits

-strong supraorbital torus

-robust facial fetures

-sagittal keel remnant

Homo naledi

-south africa

-250kya

ancestral:

-small brain

-sagittal keel

-postcranial climbing adaptations

Derived:

-hand foot dextarity

-smaller dentition BUT large er towards back teeth

Neanderthals

-130-30kya

-europe and middle east

Ancestral:

large nasal apeture

large interior dentition

derived

-large brain

-weaker supraorbital torus

-Occipital bun**

-midface prognathism**

-retromolar gap**

Homo sapian

Everywhere

300kya-present

Ancestral:

-prominent supraorbital torus

derived:

-large brain

-mental eminence

-globular high braincase

Homo floresiensis

-Indonesia

-60-100kya

-small bodied hominins

sexing os ocoxa

ventral arc- more square shaped/jutting out

ischiopubic ramus ridge- females have a thin curve/men thick throughout

subpubic concavity- women are curved men straight

pelvis sexing

males:

-less flared Ala

-obturator foramen circular

-smaller pelvic angle

-small siatic notch

females

-flared ala

-oval obturator foramen

-wide siatic notch

cranium sex estimation

men have more sharp nuccal crest

larger mastoid process

thicker supraorbital margin

jutting glabella

larger mental emenance

pubic symphysis

younger has more billows and furrows

middle age has an outline and is weathered

old is completely weathered and irregular shape