ANAPHY The skeletal system to Bone cells involved

The skeletal system is divided into two parts: ____________ and ________________

axial skeleton
appendicular skeleton

________________ forms the longitudinal axis of the body; divided into three parts _________, ____________, and _____________

axial skeleton
skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage

there are ______________ in the axial skeleton

80 bones

the ________________________ is composed of the ____________, _________ and _______ which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

appendicular
appendages
pectoral and pelvic girdles

there are __________ bones in the appendicular skeleton

126

there are ________ bones in the human body

206

what are the 5 functions of the bones?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

support
hematopoiesis
attachment
protection
storage

_______________ is the function of the bones the helps with forming the internal framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs; allows balancing

support

______________ is the function of bones that helps with blood cell formation which occurs within the RED MARROW cavities

hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis is the function of bones that helps with blood cell formation which occurs within the ________________ cavities

red marrow

What are the 3 groups involved in blood cell formation?
1.
2.
3.

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
thrombocytes

Erythrocytes: ________________
Leukocytes:_______________

Thrombocytes:_______________

Erythropoiesis
Leukopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis

________________ is the function of bones that provides connection to muscles during movement

attachment

In attachment,

Muscles - _________ - ________
Bones - _________ - _________

Tendons - Bones
Ligaments - Bones

___________ is the function of bones that helps with protecting soft body organs

protection

________ protects the brain

skull

__________ protects the spinal cord

vertebrae

___________ protects thoracic organs

ribcage

______________ is a serious birth defect in which the cerebrum fails to develop. They cannot hear, see, or process sensory information. There is no known cure or standard treatment, these babies typically die soon after birth

anencephaly

______________ is the function of bones wherein they serve as a store-house for _______ (calcium and phosphorus) and ________ (stored in the internal cavities — ___________)

Storage
minerals
fats
yellow marrow

___________ and _____________ function to build strong bones and teeth. And because they have the same function, the presence of calcium means the absence of phosphorus or vice versa

calcium
phosphorus

_____________ cannot be absorbed directly by the bones. Instead, vitamin D synthesizes this absorption. It is important in the transmission of nerve impulse for muscle contraction and for blood clotting

Calcium

What are the two classifications of bones based on the ARRANGEMENT OF OSSEOUS TISSUE?
1.
2.

Compact bone
Spongy bone

______________ is dense, heavy, tough, and compact in nature. It looks smoot and uniform and surrounds the ______________

compact bone
spongy bone

______________ contains small, needle-like pieces of bone, plenty of open spaces (called the ___________) with spiky appearances and is found in the ________ and is surrounded by the ____________

spongy bone
trabeculae
long bones
compact bone

What are the 4 classification of the bones based on the shape?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular bones

_________________ are longer than wide. As a rule they have a __________ with enlarged ends. Mostly _________, but they also contain spongy bone at the _____. Consists of all the bones of the LIMBS, except the _____, ________, and ________

Long bones
shaft
compact bones
ends
patella
wrist
ankle bones

What are the 2 regions of long bones?
1.
2.

Diaphysis
Epiphysis

_______ - long body

diaphysis

____________ - blunt ends

Epiphysis

Examples of long bones
___________ - upper arm

humerus

Examples of long bones

___________ - forearm (lateral to the body)

Radius

Examples of long bones
_______ - forearm (Medial to the body)

ulna

Examples of long bones
____________ - upper thigh

femur

Examples of long bones
___________ - lower leg (lateral to the body)

Fibula

Examples of long bones
__________ - lower leg (Medial to the body)

Tibia

There are __________ bones in the long bones

90

Long bones are typically found in the _________ and _________

limbs
clavicle

_____________ are generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone surrounded by compact bone

Short bones

_______________ is a special type of short bones that form within tendons

Sesamoid bones

Examples of short bones are _________ or wrist bones and _________ or ankle bones

Carpals
Tarsals

There are _______ or ________ short bones

28 or 32

______________ are thin, flattened, and usually curved. These have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them

Flat bones

What are some examples of flat bones?
1.
2.
3.
4.

Most bones of the skull
Sternum
Ribs
Scapula

There are ______ flat bones

36

_______________ are bones that don’t meet any of the three categories. These are irregularly shaped. These are mainly ____________ with an outer layer of compact bone like the short bones

Irregular bones
Spongy bones

What are the examples of irregular bones?
1.
2.
3.

Vertebrae
Coxal bones
Sphenoid bone

There are _______ irregular bones

48

What are the 2 parts in the gross anatomy of a long bone?
1.
2.

Diaphysis
Epiphysis

____________ makes up most of the long bone’s length. It is composed of _________ bone. It is covered and protected by _________

Diaphysis
Compact
Periosteum

________________ is part of the long bone that is responsible for growth. It is composed of ___________ bone. The external surface is covered by ___________

Epiphysis
Spongy bone
Articular Cartilage

What are the 2 coverings of long bones?
1.
2.

Periosteum
Articular Cartilage

_____________ is a fibrous connective membrane that has 2 layers which are ____________ and __________

Periosteum
Fibrous layer
Cellular layer

The two layers of periosteum

_____________ - dense irregular
_____________ - cells involved in the growth repair and remodeling of the bone

fibrous layer
cellular layer

__________________ is an adhesive that makes the periosteum intact inside the diaphysis

Sharpey’s (perforating) fibers

________________ is made of glassy hyaline cartilage which provides a smooth surface that decreases friction at the joint

Articular cartilage

_______________ covers the _____________. It lines the INNER surface of the shaft. It still has the presence of cell and fibrous connective tissue like periosteum

Endosteum
Medullary cavity

_______________ is the cavity inside the shaft. It is the storage area for _____________ which produces blood cells until the age of 6-7. Gradually replaced by __________ which stores adipose or fat tissues in adults

Medullary cavity
red marrow
yellow marrow

________________ is a flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone. This causes the lengthwise growth of long bone. If plate is open, growth can still happen; if closed, growth ends

Epiphyseal plate

__________________ is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate. It is the only thing left when epiphyseal plates are completely replaced by bone in the end of puberty marking the previous location. It is seen in adult bones.

Epiphyseal line

_______________ are bumps, holes and ridges. These reveal where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach and where blood vessels and nerve pass

Bone markings

What are the 2 categories of bone markings?
1.
2.

Projections or Processes
Depressions or Cavities

_____________ or ___________ grow out form the bone surface. These are bumps and ridges wherein all terms begin with “___”

Projections or Processes
T

______________ or ____________ are indentations in the bone. These are holes wherein all terms begin with “___” except _______

Depressions or Cavities
F

Facet

______________ is a large and rounded projection. These may be roughened

Tuberosity

___________ is a narrow ridge of bone. It is usually prominent

Crest

_____________ is very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process. And only examples are on the ___________

Trochanter
Femur

__________ is a narrow bridge of bone. It is less prominent than a crest

Line

____________ is a small rounded projection or process

Tubercle

___________ is a raised area on or above a condyle

Epicondyle

___________ is sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Spine

___________ is any bone prominence

Process

___________ is a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Head

_________ is a smooth nearly flat articular surface

Facet

___________ is a rounded articular projection

Condyle

___________ is an arm-like bar of bone

Ramus

________ is a furrow

Groove

_________ is narrow, slit-like opening

Fissure

__________ is a round or oval opening through a bone

Foramen

______________ is an indentation at the edge of a surface

Notch

___________ is a canal or tunnel-like passageway

Meatus

____________ is a cavity within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Sinus

____________ is a shallow, basin-like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Fossa

___________ are small needle-like pieces of bones

Trabeculae

___________ are filled by marrow, blood vessels, and nerves

Open spaces

__________ is the Haversian System; the structural and functional unit of compact bone

Osteon

_____________ is the centermost structure that runs lengthwise and carries the blood vessels and nerves

Haversian canal

____________ are concentric rings of matrix situated around the central canal

Lamella

_____________ are small spaces in between the rings of matrix where bone cells are located

Lacuna

____________ are mature bone cells situated in bone matrix

Osteocyte

____________ are small channels that radiate from the lacunae to the haversian canal

canaliculi

_______________ is perpendicular to the central canal; helps it carry the blood vessels and nerves

Perforating (Volkmann’s canal)

______________ are also called ___________ cells. These are undifferentiated with high mitotic activity and they are the only bone cells that divide. They do not have mature structure or defined function. These are not developed into specialized cells

Osteogenic cells
Osteoprogenitor cells

__________ are bone-forming cells. These are found in the growing portions of bone, including the endosteum and the cellular layer of periosteum

Osteoblast

____________ is the primary cell of mature bone. It is the most common type of bone cell

Osteocyte

______________ are bone-destroying cells. These are responsible for bone resorption. These break down dead bone cells to balance calcium level

Osteoclast