Module 3: Drugs Acting on The Digestive System

1. water – at least 70% in the body

2. carbohydrate – gives energy

3. fats - gives energy

4. protein

5. vitamins

6. minerals

6 BASIC NUTRIENTS

1. water soluble

   • B-complex (B1-B12)

   • Ascorbic acid (vit C)

2. fat soluble

   • vit A

   • vit D

   • vit E

   • vit K

2 TYPES OF VITAMINS and THEIR EXAMPLES

1. .

2. .

1. macrominerals

   • calcium

   • phosphorus

   • magnesium

   • sodium chlorite

   • potassium

2. microminerals

   • copper

   • cobalt

   • iron

   • zinc

2 TYPES OF MINERALS and THEIR EXAMPLES

1. large amount ________________

2. small amount ________________

prehension → chewing (mastication) → swallowing (deglutition) – movement of food from mouth to esophagus → stomach – begins chemical digestion (with enzymes and gastric secretions). → small Intestine

• Carbohydrates → Glucose

• Proteins → Amino acids

• Fats → Fatty acids & glycerol

• Absorption of nutrients primarily occurs here

DIGESTIVE PROCESS

• Carbohydrates →

• Proteins →

• Fats →

chemical digestion

relies on enzymes to break down macromolecules into absorbable units.

hypothalamus

• hunger center (stimulates appetite)

• satiety center (signals fullness/satisfaction)

appetite is controlled by ____________ specifically

• LATERAL hypothalamus =

• VENTROMEDIAL hypothalamus =

1. APPETITE STIMULANT

   1. act on the hunger center

      • B vitamin

      • Zinc

      • Glucocorticoids

      • Anabolic steroids

   2. act on the satiety center

      • benzodiazepines : diazepam (anxiety drug)

      • cycloheptadine

2. APPETITE SUPPRESSANT

   • Amphetamine : methamphetamine - shabu

   • Chlorphentermine

   • Phenmetrazine

DRUGS AFFECTING APPETITE : STIMULANT and SUPRESSANT

1. APPETITE STIMULANT

   1. act on the hunger center

   2. act on the satiety center

2. APPETITE SUPPRESSANT

appetite stimulants are used in animals with poor appetite, often given in small amounts, and warm food can help increase intake. appetite suppressants act on the satiety center, may be addictive, and can be used in obese animals, but diet and exercise are more effective.

difference between appetite stimulant and suppressant

nervous system

drugs acting on the satiety center acts on ___________________ system – have addictive properties

B vitamin (minerals)

anti-stress vitamins (combined w/ _________)

Zinc

act as taste acuity, promote taste acuity

glucocorticoids (steroids) via gluconeogenesis

more _______________________ → more appetite → more food intake → more glucose (via _____________)

1. SIALAGOGUES

   • Gentian

   • Quassia

   • Nux vomica

   • Cholinergic drugs

2. ANTI-SIALAGOGUES

   • Atropine

   • Glycopyrrolate

3. ALIMENTARY DEMULCENT

   • Syrup

   • Gum

   • Glycerol

   • Egg

   • Albumin

   • Starch

   • Mineral oil

4. BUCCOPHARYNGEAL ANTISEPTIC

   • Hexitidin

   • Dequalinium

   • Phenol

   • Povidone – (bactidol)

DRUGS AFFECTING THE MOUTH, PHARYNX & ESOPHAGUS

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

• ptyalin

• carbohydrate

• antiseptic

• halitosis

Salivary Glands / Saliva

• produce saliva which contains salivary amylase = _________

• this salivary amylase is used for digestion of _____________

• Has ___________ action (kills some bacteria).

• bad breath = ______________

sialagogues increase volume and fluidity of saliva anti-sialagogues decrease flow and fluidity of saliva

difference between SIALAGOGUES and ANTI-SIALAGOGUES

• sialagogues is used to treat

  • hypoptyalism → reduced salivary secretion.

  • xerostomia → dryness of the oral cavity

• tonic drinks (gatorade, cobra)

• plants

• sialagogues is used to treat

• sometimes added to ____________

• mostly derived from? _________

anti-sialagogues

used to reduce salivation during pre-anesthetic medication.

alimentary demulcents

coat, lubricate, and protect irritated or abraded oral mucosa

• alimentary demulcents

• stomach tube

• taste

• ___________________ act as suspending agents.

• commonly used as lubricants for ______________

• can mask _____ of medications

• sore throat

• stomatitis

• gingivitis

• halitosis

buccopharyngeal antiseptics is used to treat

lozenges and mouthwash

buccopharyngeal antiseptics is used in the form of?

DRUGS AFFECTING THE GASTRIC FUNCTION

1. EMETIC

   1. PERIPHERALLY ACTING

      • NaCl

      • CuSo4

      • ZnSO4

      • Ipecac

      • Mustard seed

   2. CENTRALLY ACTING

      • Apomorphine

      • Xylazine

      • Ipecac

2. ANTI-EMETIC

   1. PERIPHERALLY ACTING

      • Glycopyrolate

      • Propatheline

      • Methscopolamine

      • Isopropamide

      • Metoclopramide

      • Domperidone

   2. CENTRALLY ACTING

      • Antacids

      • Kaolin – kaopectate (combination)

      • Pectin

      • Bismuth subsalicylate

3. STOMACHIC / PROKINETICS

   • Metoclopromide

   • Bethanecol

   • Neostigmine

   • Bicarbonate

   • Pentagastrin

   • Betazole

   • Histamine acid phosphate

   • Domperidone

   • Cisapride

   • Tegaserod

4. ANTI-STOMACHIC / GASTRIC SEDATIVES

   • Atropine

   • Glycopyrrolate

   • Cimetidine

   • Ranitidine

5. ANTACID

   1. NEUTRALIZED THE HYDROCHLORIC ACID / ALKALINIZER

      • Sodium bicarbonate

      • Sodium citrate

      • Calcium carbonate

      • Aluminum hydroxide

      • Magnesium hydroxide

      • Magnesium carbonate

   2. H2 BLOCKER

      • Cimetidine

      • Ranitidine

      • Famotidine

      • Nizatidine

   3. PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR

      • Dexlansoprazole

      • Esomeprazole magnesium

      • Lansoprazole

      • Omeprazole magnesium

      • Omeprazole and sodium bicarbonate

      • Pantoprazole sodium

      • Rabeprazole sodium

6. CARMINATIVES

   • Alcohol ether - gin

   • Chloroform

   • Ginger oil

   • Peppermint oil

   • Anise oil

   • Eucalyptus oil

7. ANTIZYMOTIC

   • Turpentine oil

   • Formalin

   • Poloxalene

   • Simethicone

   • Polysiloxane

DRUGS AFFECTING THE GASTRIC FUNCTION

1. .

   1. .

   2. .

2. .

   1. .

   2. .

3. .

4. .

5. .

   1. .

   2. .

   3. .

6. .

7. .

emetics induce vomiting especially indicated in cases of non-corrosive poisoning or when a foreign body has been ingested and needs to be regurgitated ; used during anesthesia and recovery, anti-emetics control or stop vomiting

difference between EMETICS and ANTI-EMETICS and those that are peripherally and centrally acting

• dogs and cats

• pigs and exotic

• horses and cattle

• EMETICS are commonly used in ______________

• rarely used in ___________

• and is CONTRAINDICATED in __________ and ____________

• peripherally acting

• centrally acting

EMETICS

• slower onset =

• faster onset (toxin already absorbed) =

ipecac

contains a toxic alkaloid called emetine

Cephaëlis ipecacuanha (a South American shrub)

ipepac comes from plant extract 

• NaCl – warm water with lots of salt

• CuSo4 – warm water w/ copper sulfate

• ZnSO4 – warm water w/ zinc sulfate

in PERIPHERALLY ACTING EMETICS indicate what each contains

• NaCl –

• CuSo4 –

• ZnSO4 –

• xylazine

• apomorphine

• centrally acting emetic that is good in cats and less effective in dogs _______________

• centrally acting emetic that CANNOT be used in cats _______________

ipecac

is both peripherally and centrally acting emetics drug

• pharyngitis

• esophagitis

• gastritis

• gastroenteritis

• ulcers

ANTI-EMETICS: peripherally acting reduce vomiting associated with

locally peripherally acting

provide protective coating on inflamed mucosal surface

• centrally acting anti-emetic

• example

  • parvoviral infection

  • anxiety-related

  • motion sickness

• __________________ used for chronic or persistent vomiting

• example

metoclopromide

is advocated for the control of persistent vomiting caused PARVOVIRAL infection

metoclopromide

both peripheral and central acting antiemetic drug

labyninthine

anxiolytics – drugs that reduce anxiety (diazepam)

• motility and secretion

• these drugs increases

  • enzyme production

  • gastric emptying

• STOMACHICS / PROKINETICS promote gastric activity by increasing ________________________

• these drugs increases

anti-stomachics / gastric sedatives

rarely used in animals ; suppress excessive gastric motility and secretion

antacid

decrease and control hydrochloric acid

1. Uremic gastritis

2. Gastric and duodenal ulcers

3. Acute gastritis

4. Uremia

uses of ANTACID

• sodium bicarbonate

• parenteral, acid rebound

• most frequently employed systemic antacid ___________________

• route of administration ____________ if give PO, it causes _________________

• aluminum hydroxide

• osteomalacia

• _________________ impairs the absorption of PHOSPHATE

• which may lead to depletion and ________________

calcium carbonate

causes calcinuria with metastatic calcification and urolithiasis.

calcinuria with metastatic calcification and urolithiasis

calcium carbonate causes

• cimetidine

• acetaminophen

• _____________ is a microsomal inhibitor which impair the met of concurrently adm. drugs

• this effect is useful in preventing intoxication of _________________

dexlansoprazole

commonly used PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR

carminatives

relieve flatulence and promote gas expulsion

1. Free-gas bloat

2. Frothy bloat

Two Types of Bloats

saponin

is a natural, sticky compound found in FRESH grasses (low level on old and dry grass)

vegetable or mineral oil

a cheaper carminative alternative

antizymotic

prevent / depress / decrease ruminal fermentation

formalin

antizymotic that can lead to poisoning

1. LAXATIVE & PURGATIVE

   1. LUBRICANT & EMOLLIENT LAXATIVE

      • Mineral oil

      • Ducosate sodium (dioctyl sodium succinate, DSS)

      • Polaxazol

   2. SIMPLE BULK LAXATIVE

      • Methylcellulose

      • Agar

      • Plantago seed

      • Wheat bran

      • Prunes (raisins)

      • Psyllium (metamucil)

   3. OSMOTIC CATHARTICS / HYPEROSMOTIC

      • Magnesium sulfate

      • Magnesium hydroxide

      • Magnesium citrate

      • Sodium sulfate (glaubers salt)

      • Sodium phosphate

      • Potassium sodium tetrate (rochelle salt)

      • Lactulose

   4. IRRITANT CATHARTICS / STIMULANT CATHARTICS

      1. INDIRECT

         • Castor oil – Ricinoleates

         • Linseed oil – Linoleate

         • Olive oil – Olineates

         • Aloe vera - Enodin

      2. DIRECT

         • Bisacodyl

         • Phenolphthalein

         • Senna

         • Cascara sagrada

   5. NEUROMUSCULAR PURGATIVES

      • Neostigmine

      • Physostigmine

      • Bethanecol

      • Carbachol

2. ENEMA / ENEMATA

   • Soapy water

   • Glycerol

   • Sorbitol

   • Isotonic saline

   • Mineral oil

   • Vegetable oil

   • Docusate sodium

3. SPASMOLYTIC / ANTISPASMODIC / MODULATORS OF INTESTINAL MOTILITY

   • Opiod analgesic

     • diphenoxylate

     • loperamide

   • Anticholinergics

     • hyoscine

     • buscopan

4. GIT PROTECTANT / ADSORBENT

   • Activated charcoal – dating diatabs

   • Attapulgite

   • Kaolin

   • Pectin - Kaopectate – combination 2

   • Bismuth salt

DRUGS AFFECTING THE INTESTINAL FUNCTION

1. .

   1. .

   2. .

   3. .

   4. .

      1. .

      2. .

   5. .

2. .

3. .

   • .

   • .

4. .

laxatives

promote elimination of soft, formed feces

lubricant & emollient laxative

for fecal softness

simple bulk laxative

absorb water, swell, from, emollient gel, and distend the intestine

methylcellulose

simple bulk laxative that came from vegetables

saline bulk purgatives ; attract water, increase the volume and stretch the intestinal mucosa

osmotic cathartics / hyperosmotic

constant purgatives ; stimulant mucosal lining thereby initiate local reflexes

irritant or stimulant cathartics

1. constipation

2. move foreign bodies

3. removal of toxin

uses of NEUROMUSCULAR PURGATIVES

enema or enemata

solution / suppositories introduce into the rectum to initiate defecation reflex

phosphate salt

• hyperphosphatemia

• hypocalcemia

• hypernatremia

commonly available enemas with _________________ as the active inorganic should not be used infants, since they can precipitate fecal

spasmolytic / antispasmodic / modulators of intestinal motility

are anti-diarrheal drugs

are drugs that stay within the gastrointestinal tract (not absorbed into the blood). They coat the GI epithelium to protect it from irritation or erosion, and they can also absorb or bind harmful substances, such as toxins, to prevent their absorption.

explain GIT protectants/adsorbents

young since konti lang acid nila

between adult and young animal which has lower protein?

1. ACIDIFIER

   • Propionic

   • Acetic

   • Butyric

   • Formic

2. ENZYME

   • Diastases

   • Xylanase

   • Protease

   • Lipase

   • Phytase

3. PROBIOTIC

   • Lactobacilli - yakult

4. PREBIOTIC

   • Fos (Fructo-oligosaccharides)

   • Inulin

   • Bifidin

DIGESTANTS

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

   • 
     

• fungi, starch

• plant cell walls, corn

• peptides and amino acids

• fatty acids and glycerol

• soybean meal, rice bran

ENZYMES

• Diastase → an amylolytic enzyme (from ___________) that breaks down ________ into simpler sugars.

• Xylanase → breaks down xylan (a fiber in _______________, especially __________ ) to improve digestibility.

• Protease → digests proteins into __________________.

• Lipase → digests fats into __________________

• Phytase → releases phosphorus that is bound in plant materials (e.g., _______________, ____________), making it available for absorption.

probiotic

good bacteria – normal flora

• bifidin

• Lactobacillus bifidus

• for bacterial growth in baby milk __________

• bacteria: ____________________

1. CHOLAGOGUE

   • Magnesium sulfate

   • Ceruletride

2. CHOLERETIC

   • Bile salts

   • Clanobutin

   • Chenodiol

   • Tocamphyl

3. LIVER PROTECTANTS / LIVER TONICS

   1. B-complex

      • Choline

      • B12

      • B15

   2. Amino acids

      • Methionine

      • Betaine

      • Lecithin

      • Selenium

      • Vit. E

   3. Energy

      • Glucose & Fructose

      • Silymarin

DRUGS AFFECTING LIVER

1. .

2. .

3. .

   1. .

   2. .

   3. .

bile

fat needs ________ (produce by liver) to be digested

cholagogue

drugs that increase contraction of gall bladder

choleretic

increase the production of bile

• vitamin E

• selenium

• number 1 Vitamin antioxidant __________

• functions better if with ___________

glucose & fructose

_______________________ are simple sugars that serve as immediate energy sources for the body

• silymarin

• hepatoprotective (liver-protecting)

• a compound extracted from milk thistle (a plant) ____________

• it has _________________ properties and helps improve liver function.