Ch 7 Vocab

Kidneys

Two bean-shaped organs that filter blood and produce urine.

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation.

Glomerulus

Network of capillaries where blood filtration begins.

Bowman's capsule

Cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus and collects filtrate.

Renal cortex

Outer region of the kidney containing most nephrons.

Renal medulla

Inner region of the kidney containing renal pyramids.

Renal pelvis

Collects urine before it enters the ureter.

Ureter

Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Urinary bladder

Stores urine until urination.

Urethra

Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Trigone

Triangular area at the base of the bladder.

Glomerular filtration

First step of urine formation where water and small molecules are filtered from blood.

Tubular reabsorption

Movement of needed substances from filtrate back into the bloodstream.

Tubular secretion

Movement of additional wastes into the filtrate.

Urinalysis

Laboratory examination of urine to detect disease.

Normal urine color

Yellow.

Cloudy urine

May indicate infection, pyuria, or bacteriuria.

Smoky-red or brown urine

May indicate blood in the urine.

Urine pH

Measures hydrogen ion concentration; acidic

Albumin in urine

May indicate damage to the glomerular membrane.

Glucose in urine (glycosuria)

May indicate diabetes mellitus.

Specific gravity

Measures concentration of urine.

Ketone bodies

Produced when fat is used for energy; excessive amounts may cause ketoacidosis.

Sediment and casts

Abnormal particles suggesting kidney disease.

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Inherited disorder detected by urine testing.

Bilirubin in urine

May indicate liver disease or abnormal hemoglobin breakdown.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli.

Interstitial nephritis

Inflammation of kidney interstitial tissue.

Nephrolithiasis

Kidney stones.

Nephrotic syndrome

Disorder causing excessive protein loss in urine.

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Inherited disease with multiple kidney cysts.

Pyelonephritis

Infection of the kidney and renal pelvis.

Renal cell carcinoma

Most common adult kidney cancer.

Renal failure

Loss of kidney function.

Renal hypertension

High blood pressure caused by kidney disease.

Wilms tumor

Malignant kidney tumor occurring in children.

Bladder cancer

Cancer of the urinary bladder.

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Insufficient ADH activity causing excessive urination.

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Disorder involving inadequate insulin production or use.

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

Measures urea level in the blood.

Creatinine clearance (CrCl)

Measures kidney filtration efficiency.

CT urography

CT imaging study of the urinary tract.

KUB

X-ray of kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

Renal angiography

Imaging of renal blood vessels.

Retrograde pyelogram (RP)

Contrast X-ray of the renal pelvis and ureters.

Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)

X-ray of the bladder and urethra during urination.

Ultrasonography

Imaging using sound waves.

MRI urography

Magnetic resonance imaging of the urinary tract.

Cystoscopy

Direct visual examination of the bladder.

Hemodialysis (HD)

Filters blood using a dialysis machine.

Peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

Uses the peritoneum as the dialysis membrane.

Lithotripsy

Uses shock waves to crush kidney stones.

Renal biopsy

Removal of kidney tissue for examination.

Renal transplantation

Surgical replacement of a diseased kidney.

Urinary catheterization

Insertion of a catheter to drain urine.

ADH

Antidiuretic hormone.

AKI

Acute kidney injury.

ARF

Acute renal failure.

BUN

Blood urea nitrogen.

CKD

Chronic kidney disease.

CRF

Chronic renal failure.

ESRD

End-stage renal disease.

ESWL

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

HD

Hemodialysis.

PD

Peritoneal dialysis.

UA

Urinalysis.

UTI

Urinary tract infection.

VCUG

Voiding cystourethrogram.