Practicum 1

FORMED ELEMENTS include

leukocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes

Which component makes up the greatest percentage of blood?

Plasma

The hematocrit is the percentage of whole blood occupied by which of the following?

Erythrocytes

When observing under a microscope, whic of the following are granulocytes?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Why do people with Type O blood make anti A and anti B antibodies?

molecular mimicry with common microbes

What type of tissue is blood?

Fluid connective tissue

Blood consists of cells and fragments called

formed elements and plasma

Blood is the only liquid tissue in the body that measures about 5 liters in the adult human and accounts for

8% of the body weight

Blood average volume in males

5-6L

Blood average volume in females

4-5L

Plasma is what percentage of blood

55%

What is plasma composed of?

Nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, electrolytes, ect. (90% water)

What is serum?

Plasma minus blood clotting factors

What percentage are formed elements in blood?

45%

What are the formed elements composed of?

Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), platelets (clotting)

What is the buffy coat made up of?

Leukocytes and platelets

What are erythrocytes?

(RBC) no nucleus, transports O2 and CO2

What are leukocytes?

white blood cells; have nucleus

What are the two types of leukocytes?

Granulocytes, agranulocytes

What are granulocytes composed of?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Erythrocyte

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

neutrophil

enter connective tissues and beccome active phagocytes

eosinophil

defense against parasites; allergic reactions; chronic inflammation

basophil

act similar to mast cells and release vasoactive agents

lymphocyte

have pivotal role in immune system

monocyte

enter connective tissues and become macrophages

thrombocyte

blood clot formation and repair of injured tissues

hematocrit (HCT)

packed cell volume (PCV) = red blood cell volume

• measured as %

what is the hematocrit of normal males?

47 ±7

• 40%-54%

what is the hematocrit of normal females?

42 ±5
- 37%-47%

How do I find HCT? (formula)

(Fraction RBC) / (total)

What is the bleeding time normally?

5 minutes

Factors affecting bleeding time/ clotting

altitude, aspirin

What are the steps of coagulation time?

1. injured tissues/ platelets release tissue factor (TF) &PF3 causing clotting

2. tissue factor (TF) &PF3 interact with blood protein, clotting factors and Ca²⁺ ions → prothrombin activator →thrombin

3. thrombin activates fibrinogen →fibrin trapping RBC in mesh forming clot

The hematocrit is the percentage of whole blood occupied by which of the following?

erythrocytes

antibodies are found in which component of blood?

in plasma

Which component makes up the greatest percentage of blood?

plasma

Which of the following is the correct value of hematocrit in adults?

45%

Which of the following is the most abundant protein in blood?

Albumin

What is the correct shape of RBC?

biconcave disc

What is the organ that phagocytose old and worn out red blood cells?

spleen

When observing under a microscope which of the following are granulocytes?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

White blood cells are classified by appearance into which. of the following subtypes?

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

Anti A and anti B blood group antibodies are what?

natural antibodies

Cardiomyocytes structure characteristics

Spiral pattern, intercalated discs discs, gap junctions, desmosomes

Function of intercalated discs

ensuring cardiomyocytes work as single and well-coordinated unit using fascia adherens, desmosomes, gap junctions

function of fascia adherens

anchoring sites for actin and connect to the closest sarcomere

functions of Desmosomes

stop separation during contraction

• binds to intermediate filaments (keeping these together) & joining the cells together

functions of Gap junctions

allow action potentials to spread between cardiac cells

• permits the passage of ions between cells

• producing depolarization of the heart muscle

What is the path for cardiac conduction?

1. sinoatrial node

2. atrioventricular node

3. atrioventricular bundle

4. bundle branches

5. Purkinje fibers

What is the order for reading an ECG?

P, QRS, T

What happens during the P wave?

atrium depolarization

What happens during the QRS complex?

ventricular depolarization, atrium repolarization

What happens during the T wave?

ventricular repolarization

What is the pathway of blood starting in the body?

superior/ inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valves, pulmonary trunk, right/ left pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valves, and aorta

What is the heart rate of this person? 6 beats in 6 seconds

60 beats in a minute (6 × 10)