Chapter 7 Study Guide

Diabetes mellitus type 1

CAUSES:

Unknown (possibly autoimmune, genetic, or environmental)

SYMPTOMS:

Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Blurry vision, Weight loss, Elevated blood glucose

TREATMENT:

Insulin therapy

Diabetes mellitus type 2

CAUSES:

obesity, inactivity, genetics

SYMPTOMS:

Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Elevated blood glucose

TREATMENT:

Diet modification, exercise, meds. insulin therapy

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

CAUSES:

Unknown (possibly genetic, excessive insulin)

SYMPTOMS:

Irregular menstrual cycles, Elevated hormone levels, Multiple cysts on ovaries

TREATMENTS:

weight loss, estrogen and progestin

Hypothyroidism

CAUSES: Autoimmune disease Medications Thyroid surgery

SYMPTOMS: Fatigue Weight gain Muscle aches Bradycardia Depression Elevated cholesterol Dry skin,

TREATMENTS: Synthetic thyroid hormone medication (levothyroxine)

Hyperthyroidism

CAUSES: Graves disease Thyroiditis Plummer's disease

SYMPTOMS: Weight loss Tachycardia Anxiety Fatigue Seep disruption Goiter

TREATMENTS: Radioactive iodine Antithyroid medication Beta blockers Thyroidectomy

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

CAUSES: Light/fair skin Sun exposure

SYMPTOMS: New growth or sore that does not heal

TREATMENTS: Curettage and electrodessication Mohs surgery Cryosurgery Laser therapy

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

CAUSES: Light/fair skin Sun exposure, less common than BCC

SYMPTOMS: Spreads to surrounding tissue Most common on face and head

TREATMENT: Curettage and electrodessication Mohs surgery Cryosurgery Laser therapy

Malignant melanoma

CAUSES: Light/fair skin Sun exposure

SYMPTOMS: Itchy/bleeding mole New mole Mole with changes

TREATMENT: Depends on stage of lesion Surgery Lymph node biopsy Chemotherapy Radiation therapy immunotherapy

Acne Vulgaris

CAUSES: Surge of sex hormones during puberty Excess sebum on skin surface
SYMPTOMS: Black heads, white heads (comedos) Papules, pustules
TREATMENTS: Regular cleansing of affected area OTC benzoyl peroxide products Prescription medication (topical or oral)

Alopecia

CAUSES: Often hereditary Hormone changes Chemotherapy Stress Burns Fungal skin infections
SYMPTOMS: Loss or lack of hair anywhere on the body, typically on the scalp Can include eyebrows and eyelashes
TREATMENTS:No cure Hair transplants and medications can slow progression

Cellulitis

CAUSES: Staphylococcal and streptococcal bacterial infections
SYMPTOMS: Red, tight skin Pain in inflamed area Fever
TREATMENTS: Oral/topical antibiotics Hospitalization if at risk for developing systemic infection

Dermatitis

CAUSES: Multiple causative agents Contact with irritants
SYMPTOMS: Inflammation of skin resulting in rash and pruritus
TREATMENTS: Treatment is based on cause Corticosteroid creams Oral steroids

Eczema

CAUSES: Unknown (possible allergy or inflammatory condition)
SYMPTOMS: Chronic dermatitis with vesicular eruptions developing into itchy, red, scaly rash
TREATMENTS: Topical or systemic steroids NSAlDs for discomfort

Folliculitis

CAUSES: Shaving or repeated rubbing of shaved area Bacteria or fungi
SYMPTOMS: Red, itchy hair follicles (pimple appearance)
TREATMENTS: Regular cleansing of affected area Topical antibiotics Electric shaver instead of razor

Herpes Simplex

CAUSES: Contact with herpes simplex virus
SYMPTOMS: Type l: painful blisters on lips, mouth, and face; Type II: similar lesions, located in genital area
TREATMENTS: No cure Antiviral medication to decrease frequency of outbreaks

Impetigo

CAUSES: Staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria
SYMPTOMS: Itchy, oozing skin lesions with honey-like appearing crust
TREATMENTS: Antibiotics, Frequent cleansing of area

Pediculosis

CAUSES: Parasitic lice infestation
SYMPTOMS: Skin itching Nits (eggs) in hair, particularly near roots
TREATMENTS: Prescription or OTC lice treatments/ shampoos

Psoriasis

CAUSES: Inherited autoimmune disorder
SYMPTOMS: Silvery, scaly, severely itchy skin lesions Can cause systemic symptoms such as joint pain and inflammation (psoriatic arthritis)
TREATMENTS: oral NSAlDs Topical creams containing vitamins A and D Hydrocortisone cream UV treatments

Ringworm

CAUSES: Contact with causative fungus
SYMPTOMS: Flat, circular lesions (dry/scaly or moist/ crusty)
TREATMENTS: Topical and oral antifungal medication

Rosacea

CAUSES: Dilation of small facial blood vessels Cause of dilation is unknown
SYMPTOMS: Redness, Acne-like eruptions on face
TREATMENTS: Topical cortisones Antibiotics Vascular laser therapy

Hypertension

CAUSES: Narrowing of arteries Increased arterial pressure Risk factors: obesity, smoking, stimulant use, kidney disease, high sodium intake, excessive alcohol consumption
SYMPTOMS: Excessive sweating Fatigue Muscle cramps Headaches Dizziness
TREATMENTS: Treatment of underlying cause Lifestyle modifications: diet, exercise, stress management, smoking cessation Antihypertensive medication

Angina

CAUSES: Coronary artery narrowing Atherosclerosis
SYMPTOMS: Pain/tightness in chest
TREATMENTS: Sublingual nitroglycerin Treatment of underlying condition

Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)

CAUSES: Coronary artery blockage Atherosclerosis Blood clot
SYMPTOMS: Squeezing chest pain that can radiate to shoulder/ arm/neck/jaw Shortness of breath Diaphoresis Dizziness Nausea
TREATMENTS: Aspirin CPR if unconscious Defibrillation Anticoagulant medication Immediate emergency protocol

Coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis)

CAUSES: Buildup of fat and cholesterol in arteries Risk factors: high-fat diet, high LDL levels, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle
SYMPTOMS: Usually no symptoms prior to heart attack
TREATMENTS: Lipid-lowering medications Low-fat diet Exercise Smoking cessation Coronary artery bypass grafting in severe cases

Aneurysm

CAUSES: Atherosclerosis Smoking High-cholesterol diet Obesity
SYMPTOMS: Usually none Possible back pain Tachycardia Dizziness
TREATMENTS: Surgery

Congestive Heart failure

CAUSES: Smoking Obesity Sedentary lifestyle High-cholesterol diet Hypertension
SYMPTOMS: Shortness of breath Wheezing Peripheral edema in legs Irregular heartbeat
TREATMENTS: Medications to ad dress tachycardia Diuretic medication to treat edema Antihypertensive medications

Mitral valve prolapse

CAUSES: Usually unknown Hereditary or related to nervous system disorders
SYMPTOMS: Mild cases usually have no symptoms Severe cases can have shortness of breath and palpitations
TREATMENTS: None for mild cases Medication to treat symptoms Surgery to repair

Thrombophlebitis

CAUSES: Prolonged periods of inactivity Hormone replacement therapy Cancer Paralysis Thrombophlebitis
SYMPTOMS: Pain in affected area Redness Swelling
TREATMENTS: Heat Compression stockings Anticoagulant medication Surgery

Lymphedema

CAUSES: Parasitic infection Trauma Surgical removal of lymph nodes
SYMPTOMS: Persistent tissue swelling
TREATMENTS: Compression stockings Lymphedema pump Surgery

Mononucelosis

CAUSES: Epstein-Barr virus Cytomegalovirus
SYMPTOMS: Extreme fatigue Sore throat Fever
TREATMENTS: Supportive care

Celiac disease

CAUSES: Genetic defect Lack of enzyme that breaks down gluten Consumption of gluten triggers autoimmune reaction
SYMPTOMS: Weight loss Bloating Loose stools Eventual systemic organ wasting due to lack of nutrients Malabsorptionn
TREATMENTS: Gluten-free diet

Systemic lupis erythematosus

CAUSES: Medications Bacterial infections Autoimmune
SYMPTOMS: Fatigue Body pain Butterfly rash on face Headaches Nausea Hair loss Weight loss Anemia Shortness of breath
TREATMENTS: NSAlDs (steroids, topical creams)

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

CAUSES: HIV virus
SYMPTOMS: Low T-cell counts Fever Diaphoresis Susceptibility to frequent infection Weight loss
TREATMENTS: Antiretroviral medication to slow progression Treatment of secondary infections with antibiotics No cure

Alzheimer's disease

CAUSES: Degenerative brain disease Possibly genetic or environmental
SYMPTOMS: Confusion Memory loss Impaired judgment Personality change Worsens over time
TREATMENTS: Physical activity Socialization Medication to slow the progression No cure

Bell's palsy

CAUSES: Unknown cause
SYMPTOMS: Weakness or paralysis of facial muscles Facial numbness and drooping Headache
TREATMENTS: NSAlDs Pain relievers Usually self-resolving

Seizures

CAUSES: Birth trauma Infections Brain injury Head trauma Drug withdrawal
SYMPTOMS: Uncontrolled muscle contractions Loss of consciousness Visual disturbances
TREATMENTS: Med, brain surgery

Meningitis

CAUSES: Bacterial, viral, fungal infection causing inflammation of the meninges
SYMPTOMS: Stiff neck Headache Fever Vomiting
TREATMENTS: Appropriate medications for type Bacterial can be fatal

Stroke

CAUSES: Blockage of artery in neck or brain
SYMPTOMS: Paralysis Confusion Memory impairment Some symptoms can be permanent
TREATMENTS: Physical therapy Occupational therapy Speech therapy

Migrane Headache

CAUSES: Hormones, Stress, Dietary, Familial
SYMPTOMS: Dull-throbbing pain, sensitivity to light/sound, nausea, vomiting, visual aura
TREATMENTS: Medications Alternative methods (acupuncture, biofeedback, magnesium)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

CAUSES: Viral, genetic, immune sys dysfunction
SYMPTOMS: Loss of ability to speak, walk Double vision Loss of balance Weakness in arms/legs
TREATMENTS: Supportive Medications to slow progression No cure

Parkinson’s Disease

CAUSES: Lack of neurotransmitters Brain tumors Drugs Head trauma
SYMPTOMS: Arm/leg muscle and joint stiffness Lack of coordination Tremor
TREATMENTS: Supportive Medications to slow progression No cure

Concussion

CAUSES: Head impact
SYMPTOMS: Nausea Loss of balance Disorientation Headache
TREATMENTS: Rest Treatment of symptoms

Muscle strain

CAUSES: Overexertion of a muscle not properly warmed up for activity level
SYMPTOMS: Pain Swelling "Tight" feeling
TREATMENTS: RICE Avoiding physical strain to the area

Epicondylitis (tennis elbow)

CAUSES: Overuse of elbow causing tiny ligament tears
SYMPTOMS: Swelling Tenderness Grip weakness
TREATMENTS: Rest Ice NSAlDs Forearm strap Extended break from aggravating activit

Rotator cuff tear

CAUSES: Repetitive stress of the shoulder joint
SYMPTOMS: Pain Weakness Inability to raise arm over head
TREATMENTS: Rest NSAlDs Cortisone injection to shoulder joint Surgery

Bone fracture

CAUSES: Impact injury resulting in bone cracking or breaking Stress fractures: overuse or repetitive stress
SYMPTOMS: Pain Swelling Loss of function
TREATMENTS: Immobilization with internal or external device (cast, splint, pins, plates, screws)

Joint dislocation (Subluxation)

CAUSES: Impact injury removing bones from proper joint alignment
SYMPTOMS: Pain Loss of sensation Immobility
TREATMENTS: Realignment of bones Immobilization Physical therapy to strengthen surrounding muscles Surgery for repeated incidences

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear

CAUSES: Plant and twist motion of the foot and knee
SYMPTOMS: Pain Swelling Knee buckling
TREATMENTS: RICE Surgical repair Allograft Physical therapy

Osteroarthritis

CAUSES: Inflammatory processes, metabolic disorders
SYMPTOMS: Joint stiffness and pain, Fluid surrounding the joint, Grating sound with joint movement
TREATMENTS: NSAlDs, Intra-articular injections, Arthroscopy, Joint replacement surgery

Rheumatoid Arthritis

CAUSES: Autoimmune
SYMPTOMS: Destruction of the joint capsule, causign scar tissue to form, visible joint deformity, loss of joint mobility
TREATMENTS: NSAlDs, cortisone injections, heat/cold therapies, surgery to remove scar tissue

Bursitis

CAUSES: overuse, joint trauma, bacterial infection
SYMPTOMS: Joint pain/swelling
TREATMENTS: rest, pain meds, steriod injectin, aspiration of joint fluid, antibiotics

Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of Tumors

CAUSES: unkown, age 10-20y/o, male sex
SYMPTOMS: Fever, pain at tumor site, fractures, bruising
TREATMENTS: surgery chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplant, stem cell transplant.

Gout

CAUSES: Deposits of uric acid crystals accumulate in joint spaces
SYMPTOMS: Joint pain, common in big toe and kneww joints, stiffness/swelling
TREATMENTS: Dietary changes (avoidance of rich* fatty foods), Pain medication, Medications to aid in elimination of uric acid in kidneys during urine formation

Kyphosis

CAUSES: Growth retardation or improper development of growth plates, Aging and degenerative disk disease contribute to adult onset
SYMPTOMS: visible upper back curvature (humpback)
TREATMENTS: exercise, back bracing, harrington rod, spinal fusion in extreme cases

Lordosis

CAUSES: Injury, Poor posture, Wearing high heel (inward positioning of back when balancing on balls of feet)
SYMPTOMS: Inward curvature of the lower back (swayback)
TREATMENTS: corrective shoes, exercise

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle bone disease)

CAUSES: Hereditary
SYMPTOMS: Dental issues, Fractures at birth, Loose joints, Muscle weakness, Respiratory issues, Blue sclera of the eye, Triangle-shaped face, Small stature, Spinal curvature
TREATMENTS: Fracture repair, surgery w/ metal rodding, physical therapy, bracing

Osteoporosis

CAUSES: Hormone deficiencies, Sedentary lifestyle, Lack of vitamin D, Corticosteroid use (long-term), Smoking
SYMPTOMS: Fractures, Most common in the spine, wrists, hips; Loss of height, Can result in kyphosis
TREATMENTS: Medications, Hormone replacement therapy, Exercise, Supplements

Osteosarcoma

CAUSES: unknown
SYMPTOMS: Pain in affected bones (usually fegs), Swelling with development of tumor growth
TREATMENTS: Surgery, Radiation/Chemotherapy, Amputation of affected limb

Paget’s Disease

CAUSES: Hereditary, viral
SYMPTOMS: Bone pain and deformity, Fractures, Excessive bone destruction
TREATMENTS: Surgery, Medication, Physical Therapy

Scoliosis

CAUSES: Possibly genetic, Can begin prenatally during formation of vertebrae, Muscle weakness
SYMPTOMS: Bent appearing spine (laterally), Back pain
TREATMENTS: Back bracing, Physical therapy, Surgery with rod placement

Fibromyalgia

CAUSES: Unknown, Exacerbated by sleep deprivation, emotional distress, depression
SYMPTOMS: Fatigue, Point tenderness and trigger points, Chronic facial pain, Sleep disturbances
TREATMENTS: Antidepressants, NSAlDs, Physical therapy, Trigger point injections

Muscular Dystrophy

CAUSES: hereditary
SYMPTOMS: Muscle weakness leading to eventual paralysis of muscle groups
TREATMENTS: Physical therapy, Bracing, Ambulatory devices, Medications

Myasthenia Gravis

CAUSES: Autoimmune
SYMPTOMS: Double vision, Muscle weakness, Dysphagia, Difficulty chewing, Difficulty breathing
TREATMENTS: Avoiding excessive stress, Rest, Eye patch, Medication

Tendonitis

CAUSES: sports/activity related
SYMPTOMS: Pain in joints, Limited range of motion in joint
TREATMENTS: rest, ice, NSAIDs

Tetanus

CAUSES: Toxin produced by clostridum tetani
SYMPTOMS: Muscle spasm in jaw andneck, Dyspnea, Fever, Irritability, Sweating and drooling
TREATMENTS: Antitoxin and antibiotic medications