Ch 10: Homeostasis (7%)

regulating blood pressure, regulating blood osmolarity, maintaining acid-base balance, removal of nitrogenous wastes

Excretory System

name the 4 main functions of the excretory system

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Excretory System

name the 4 organs involved in the excretory system

nephron

Excretory System

the functional unit of the kidney; each kidney has ~1 million of them

kidney, ureter, renal pelvis, bladder, urethra

Excretory System

The ________ produces urine, which flows into the _______ at the _______ ______. Urine is then collected in the ________ until it is excreted through the ________.

portal system, renal artery, afferent arterioles, glomeruli, efferent arteriole, vasa recta, nephron, renal vein

Excretory System

The kidney contains a _______ ________ with two capillary beds in series. Blood from the ______ ________ flows into __________ __________, which form __________ in Bowman’s capsule (the first capillary bed). Blood then flows through the __________ __________ to the _____ _____ (the second capillary bed), which surround the ________, before leaving the kidney through the ______ _____.

detrusor, parasympathetic, smooth, parasympathetic, involuntary, skeletal, sympathetic, voluntary

Excretory System

The bladder has a muscular lining known as the ________ muscle, which is under ______________ control. It has two muscular sphincters. The internal urethral sphincter consists of ________ muscle and is under ______________ (___________) control. The external urethral sphincter consists of _________ muscle and is under ____________ (___________) control.

micturition reflex

Excretory System

the name of the reflex of the detrusor muscle contracting in response to parasympathetic neurons firing in response to stretch receptors conveying to the nervous system that the bladder is full

filtration, secretion, reabsorption

Excretory System

name the 3 processes through which the kidney participates in solute movement

filtration

Excretory System

the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at Bowman’s capsule

filtration, hydrostatic, oncotic, glomerulus, Bowman’s space

Excretory System

the direction and rate of ________ is determined by Starling forces, which account for the _____________ and ________ pressure differentials between the ___________ and _________ ______.

secretion

Excretory System

the movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman’s capsule

reabsorption

Excretory System

the movement of solutes from filtrate to blood

keep what the body needs and lose what it doesn’t, concentrate urine to conserve water

Excretory System

name the two main goals of the kidneys

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) → descending limb of the Loop of Henle → ascending limb of the Loop of Henle → Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) → Collecting Duct

Excretory System

write out the movement of filtrate through the nephron as the kidneys make urine

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Excretory System

the segment of the nephron where bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water occurs; also the site of secretion for hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and urea

descending limb of the Loop of Henle

Excretory System

the segment of the nephron that is permeable to water but not salt; as the filtrate moves into the more osmotically concentrated renal medulla, water is reabsorbed from the filtrate;

countercurrent multiplier system

Excretory System

the vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite directions, creating a _______________ __________ ________ that allows maximal reabsorption of water

ascending limb of the Loop of Henle

Excretory System

the segment of the nephron that is permeable to salt but not water; salt is reabsorbed both passively and actively; the diluting segment is in the outer medulla — because salt is actively reabsorbed in this site, the filtrate actually becomes hypotonic (lower solute concentration) compared to the blood

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Excretory System

the segment of the nephron that is responsive to aldosterone; a site of salt reabsorption and waste product excretion

Collecting Duct

Excretory System

the segment of the nephron that is responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH); has variable permeability, which allows reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body’s needs; the point of no return where there are no further opportunities for reabsorption

hormonal, low, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Excretory System

The kidney is under ________ control. When blood pressure (and volume) are _____, two different hormonal systems are activated: ___________ and ___________ __________ (____)

sodium reabsorption, water reabsorption, increased, osmolarity

Excretory System

Aldosterone is a steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system that increases ___________ _____________ in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and collecting duct, thereby increasing ________ ______________. This results in an ____________ blood volume (and pressure), but no change in blood ____________.

hypothalamus, low, high, increases, increasing, increased, decreased

Excretory System

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin) is a peptide hormone synthesized by the ______________ and released by the posterior pituitary. Its release is stimulated not only by _____ blood volume but also by _____ blood osmolarity. It ____________ the permeability of the collecting duct to water, ___________ water reabsorption. This results in an ____________ blood volume (and pressure) and a ____________ blood osmolarity.

reabsorption, secretion

Excretory System

The kidney can regulate pH by selective _____________ or __________ of bicarbonate or hydrogen ions.

hypodermis (subcutaneous), dermis, epidermis

Skin

name the 3 major skin layers in order from deepest to most surface level

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

Skin

name the 5 layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to most surface level

stratum basale

Skin

the layer of the epidermis that contains stem cells and is responsible for proliferation of keratinocytes, the predominant cells of the skin, that produce keratin

stratum spinosum

Skin

the layer of the epidermis that contains Langerhans cells

stratum granulosum

Skin

the layer of the epidermis where keratinocytes die and lose their nuclei

stratum lucidum

Skin

the layer of the epidermis that is only present in thick, hairless skin such as the skin on the sole of the foot or the palms and is nearly transparent

stratum corneum

Skin

the layer of the epidermis that contains up to several dozen layers of flattened keratinocytes, forming a barrier that prevents invasion by pathogens and that helps to prevent loss of fluids and salt

melanocytes

Skin

cells that produce melanin, which protects the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation

Langerhans cells

Skin

special macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin

dermis, deep pressure, texture, pain, light touch, stretch, deep pressure, vibration

Skin

Many sensory cells are located in the _______, including Merkel cells (_____ _______ and ________), free nerve endings (_____), Meissner’s corpuscles (______ ______), Ruffini endings (______), and Pacinian corpuscles (_____ ________ and _________).

keratinocytes

Skin

the main cells of the epidermis

dermis

Skin

the skin layer where sweat glands, blood vessels, and hair follicles originate

hypodermis

Skin

The skin layer that contains fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the rest of the body

sweating, evaporation, vasodilation, piloerection, vasoconstriction, shivering, insulation

Skin

The skin is important for thermoregulation. Cooling mechanisms include __________, which draws heat from the body through _____________ of water, and _____________. Warming mechanisms include ____________, in which arrector pili muscles contract causing hairs to stand on end (trapping a layer of warmed air around the skin), ______________, ___________, and ___________ provided by fat.