PSY100 PQ 3

1. Which of the following were listed as criterion for a disorder: 

   1. Statistical rarity

   2. Subjective distress

   3. Objective impairment

   4. Biological dysfunction

   5. All of the above

1. Which of the following were listed as criterion for a disorder: 

   1. Statistical rarity

   2. Subjective distress

   3. Objective impairment

   4. Biological dysfunction

   5. All of the above

1. Statistical rarity

2. Subjective distress

3. Objective impairment

4. Biological dysfunction

5. All of the above

1. Which of the following statements is TRUE:

   1. Disorders have been added to the DSM over the years

   2. Disorders have been removed from the DSM over the years

   3. Disorders have been reclassified within the DSM

   4. All of the above

   5. None of the above

1. Disorders have been added to the DSM over the years

2. Disorders have been removed from the DSM over the years

3. Disorders have been reclassified within the DSM

4. All of the above

1. Select the approach that emerged first:

   1. Insight therapies

   2. Cognitive-behavioral therapies

   3. Mindfulness approaches

   4. Antipsychotic drug therapy

   5. Humanistic therapy

1. Insight therapies

1. Select the approach that emerged last (i.e. most recently):

   1. Insight therapies

   2. Cognitive-behavioral therapies

   3. Mindfulness approaches

   4. Antipsychotic drug therapy

   5. Humanistic therapy

3. Mindfulness approaches

1. Which approach meets all of the following conditions: 1) provided by a majority of clinical psychologists, 2) labor-intensive on the part of the subject, 3) lacks strong side effects and 4) strongly supported by evidence.

   1. Insight therapies

   2. Cognitive-behavioral therapies

   3. Mindfulness approaches

   4. Antipsychotic drug therapy

   5. Humanistic therapy

2. Cognitive-behavioral therapies

1. Which of the following researchers proposed the “Groupthink” model: 

   1. Milgram

   2. Asch

   3. Zimbardo

   4. Janis

   5. None of the above

4. Janis

1. The Stanford Prison Experiment centrally involved the work of:

   1. Milgram

   2. Asch

   3. Zimbardo

   4. Janis

   5. None of the above

3. Zimbardo

1. In the Milgram experiment, the tendency of the teacher to administer shocks to the learner was very strongly related to the _________ of the teacher:

   1. Sadistic tendencies

   2. Culture

   3. Gender

   4. All of the above

   5. None of the above

1. None of the above

1. The bystander effect is thought to occur because of:

   1. Pluralistic ignorance

   2. Diffusion of responsibility

   3. Cost of intervention

   4. All of the above

   5. None of the above

4. All of the above

1. Which of the following statements about cults is FALSE:

   1. A majority of cult leaders are likely to be mentally ill

   2. A majority of cult members are likely to be mentally ill

   3. Cults require involve extensive “brain-washing” procedures

   4. A + B

   5. B + C

1. A majority of cult members are likely to be mentally ill

2. Cults require involve extensive “brain-washing” procedures

   B + C

1. This question is on psychological disorders.

   1. The burden of depression may be higher in Western communities. Explain potential reasons why this might be the case. (2)

Epidemiology of Depression

1. Gender

2. Community

3. Socioeconomic status

4. Occupation

5. Life history

1 – Gender • More common in women (~2x) 1 though the severity does not differ2 • Reasons for disparity are complex and the subject of much discussion • Taking the biopsychosocial perspective, multiple factors could be involved • Some forms are related to sex hormones (e.g. post-partum) • Prevalence in males may be low due to stigma (“act tough”) • Prevalence in females may be high due to social pressures (e.g. family roles, unpaid labor, societal expectations)

2 – Community • Burden of depression is often thought to be higher in Western, developed countries • Many potential reasons for this disparity • More awareness + less stigma • Better diagnostic criteria + health care system access • Beliefs about the efficacy of emotional regulation1 • Valuation of happiness in Western cultures2 • Description of the disorder within the culture • These factors are not mutually exclusive

3 – SES • Low SES (i.e. low income) increases risk1-4 • This relationship holds in Eastern and Western communities, even after controlling for other variables • Most scientists argue that low income leads to depression rather than the contrary3 • Relationship between income + well-being complex • Low income may be associated with increased risk for many reasons (e.g. lack of insurance, health care…)

1. What class of drugs is most commonly used to treat depression? (1)

   1. See L10, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

BMT for depression • Drugs (moderate/severe cases) • SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors) • Concerns of over-prescription + withdrawal • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) • More accessible (though not more effective) • Ketamine • Rapid effect (for those whom it works) • Newer (c. 2019), side effects unclear • Electroconvulsive therapy • Psychosurgery (removal of cingulate)

1. What class of drugs is most commonly used to treat anxiety? (1)

   1. See L10, SSRIs (even though GABAergic drugs also work, SSRIs are more commonly used)

BMT for other disorders • Anxiety • Drugs increasing GABAA receptor activity are anxiolytic (e.g. benzodiazepines) • However, SSRIs are most commonly used

1. What class of drugs is most commonly used to treat schizophrenia? (1)

   1. See L10, anti-psychotic drugs (which block dopamine type 2 receptors)

BMT for other disorders

Schizophrenia • First generation/conventional antipsychotics (block D2 receptors) • Second generation antipsychotics have multiple actions (e.g. block 5-HT2 receptors)

1. This question is on social psychology.

   1. Define loneliness, trends in loneliness and health correlates of loneliness. (3)

      1. See L09, S10

Loneliness • Loneliness is related to, but distinct from, isolation2-4 • Isolation refers to lack of contact and is not necessarily bad • Loneliness refers to a feeling and is inherently negative • The two are both related to health outcomes (mental, physical), though in slightly different ways • Reports of loneliness are increasing • Before COVID: 1/3, with 1/12 cases being severe1 • Described as an “epidemic” • Loneliness is not easily treatable (either by forced interaction, support networks or social skills training)

1. Differentiate obedience from conformity. (2)

   1. See L09, S14

• Obedience: Listening to a figure of authority (e.g. a persuasive politician or a strong sergeant) • Generally explicit • Conformity: Adopting the predominant belief or behavior of a group due to pressure from that group • Generally implicit • Obedience and conformity are not, by themselves, bad • Issues arise with blindly following without asking questions