ap gov unit 1 vocab

Categorical Grants

- provided to states with specific provisions on their use (limits how states can spend their funding)

Tenth Amendment

- Reserved powers not given to the national government, given to the states and people, this protects states authority.

Antifederalists

- Opposed proposed constitution, wanted stronger state governments, mistrusted powerful elites and feared the constitution would trample people and states rights.

Federalism

- Divided power between national and state governments, national government is more powerful than states.

Revenue

Sharing- Federal government apportions tax money to the states with no strings attached (ended because too costly)

Popular Sovereignty

- Governments right to rule comes from the people.

national government

Unfunded Mandate- requiring states to pay for programs without providing funds.

Selective Incorporation

- Process through which the supreme court applies fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights to the states on a case by case basis (states cant make laws that take away citizens rights)

Privileges

and Immunities Clause- prevents states from discriminating against people out of state.

Extradition

- Requirement that officials in one state return a defendant to another state where a crime was allegedly committed.

Faith

Full and Credit Clause- Requires states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state.

Fourteenth Amendment

- People born in the US are citizens and states cant deny citizenship or equal protection under the law.

Constitutional Convention

- May 1787, delegates from 12 /13 states met in Philadelphia to amend the Articles.

Great Compromise

- Bicameral legislature, lower house elected by the people with representation based on state population and upper house elected by state legislatures, two per state.

Republicanism

- Authority of the government comes from the people.

Social Contract

- People allow government to rule over them to ensure an orderly and functioning society.

New Jersey Plan

- Unicameral legislature with each state allotted one vote.

widespread political participation

Participatory Democracy- Theory that is essential for a democratic government and citizens can join groups outside of government control.

supreme law

Supremacy Clause- Constitution and federal laws are the of the land.

Block Grants

- Form of grant- in- aid that gives states more control over how to disperse federal funds.

Virginia Plan

- Three branches of government with bicameral legislature, larger states had more representation in both houses, lower house elected by people and upper house elected by lower house.

Articles of Confederation

- First form of American government, adopted in 1777.

Necessary

and Proper or Elastic Clause- Article 1, Section 8, granting congress necessary powers to carry out enumerated powers.

Shays Rebellion

- Farmers uprising against the government of Massachusetts, led by Daniel Shays.

Pluralist Theory

- Theory of democracy that emphasizes the roles of groups in policy making process which results in bargaining and compromise.

Natural Rights

- Right to life, liberty, and property which the government cant take away.

Federalist

No 51- Written by Madison, he argued that people put their needs before the nation and the constitution prevents this from happening.

Federalism

- The sharing of power between the national and state governments.

Federalist

No 10- Written by Madison, advocated for a large constitutional republic.

Federalists

- Supporters of the proposed constitution with a strong national government.

Natural Rights

Right to life, liberty, and property which the government cant take away

Social Contract 

People allow government to rule over them to ensure an orderly and functioning society

Popular Sovereignty

Governments right to rule comes from the people

Republicanism 

Authority of the government comes from the people

Participatory Democracy

Theory that widespread political participation is essential for a democratic government and citizens can join groups outside of government control

Pluralist Theory

Theory of democracy that emphasizes the roles of groups in policy making process which results in bargaining and compromise

Elitist Theory

Theory of democracy that the elites have a disproportionate amount of influence in policy making decisions

Articles of Confederation

First form of American government, adopted in 1777

Shays Rebellion

Farmers uprising against the government of Massachusetts, led by Daniel Shays

Constitutional Convention

May 1787, delegates from 12/13 states met in Philadelphia to amend the Articles

Virginia Plan

Three branches of government with bicameral legislature, larger states had more representation in both houses, lower house elected by people and upper house elected by lower house

New Jersey Plan

Unicameral legislature with each state allotted one vote

Great Compromise

Bicameral legislature, lower house elected by the people with representation based on state population and upper house elected by state legislatures, two per state

Bicameral

Two houses

Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves count as 3/5 of a person in calculating states representation

Compromise of Importation

Slave trade not restricted til 1808

Separation of Powers

Design of government that distributes powers across institutions to avoid making one branch too powerful

Expressed or Enumerated Powers

 Authority specifically granted to a branch of government in the constitution

Necessary and Proper or Elastic Clause

Article 1, Section 8, granting congress necessary powers to carry out enumerated powers

Implied Powers

Authority of the federal government that goes beyond its expressed powers

Supremacy Clause

Constitution and all national treaties and laws shall be the supreme law of the land

Federalists

Supporters of the proposed constitution with a strong national government

Antifederalists

Opposed proposed constitution, wanted stronger state governments, mistrusted powerful elites and feared the constitution would trample people and states rights

Federalist No 51

Written by Madison, he argued that people put their needs before the nation and the constitution prevents this from happening

Faction

Group of self interested individuals who use government to get what they want, taking other peoples rights in the process

Federalist No 10

Written by Madison, advocated for a large constitutional republic

Brutus No 1

Antifederalist papers, argued that the country is too big to be governed as a republic and the constitution renders states useless

Federalism

The sharing of power between the national and state governments

Federalism

Divided power between national and state governments, national government is more powerful than states

Enumerated or Expressed Powers

Powers granted to the national government in the constitution (especially congress)

Exclusive Powers

Powers only the federal government may exercise

Implied Powers

not specifically granted to the federal government but implied to be granted

Commerce Clause

grants congress the power to regulate commerce between foreign countries, states and tribes

Necessary and Proper Clause

grants congress the power to legislate itself as it sees fit in order to carry out it's implied powers

Supremacy Clause

Constitution and federal laws are the supreme law of the land

Tenth Amendment

Reserved powers not given to the national government, given to the states and people, this protects states authority

Reserved Powers

Powers granted to the states (provide police and fire departments, conduct elections and establish local, town, county and regional government)

Concurrent Powers

Powers that the federal and state governments share (borrow money, regulate interstate commerce, create and operate court systems

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Requires states to recognize the public acts, records, and civil court proceedings from another state

Extradition

Requirement that officials in one state return a defendant to another state where a crime was allegedly committed

Fourteenth Amendment

People born in the US are citizens and states cant deny citizenship or equal protection under the law

Selective Incorporation

Process through which the supreme court applies fundamental rights in the Bill of Rights to the states on a case by case basis (states cant make laws that take away citizens rights)

Categorical Grants

provided to states with specific provisions on their use (limits how states can spend their funding)

Unfunded Mandate

national government requiring states to pay for programs without providing funds

Block Grants

Form of grant-in-aid that gives states more control over how to disperse federal funds

Revenue Sharing

Federal government apportions tax money to the states with no strings attached (ended because too costly)

Privileges and Immunities Clause

prevents states from discriminating against people out of state

Natural Rights

the right to life, liberty, and property, which government cannot take away

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed

Popular Sovereignty

Government's right to rule comes from the people

Republicanism

A form of government in which people elect representatives to create and enforce laws

Particapatory Democracy

a theory that widespread political participation is essential for democratic government

Pluralist Theory

The theory that many interest groups compete for power in a large number of policy areas resulting in bargain and compromise

Elitist Theory

the elites have a disproportionate amount of influence in the policymaking process

Articles of Confederation

First form of American government; intentionally weak central government.

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787. It highlighted the need for a strong national government.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Virginia Plan

Three branches of government with bicameral legislature, larger states had more representation in both houses, lower house elected by people and upper house elected by lower house.

New Jersey Plan

unicameral legislature; each state given one vote

Great Compromise

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

Bicameral

Two house

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Compromise on Importation

Congress could not restrict the slave trade until 1808

Separation of Powers

Design of government that distributes powers across institutions to avoid making one branch too powerful.

Expressed or Enumerated Powers

authority specifically granted to a branch of the government in the Constitution

Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)

Clause of the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3) setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government

Implied Powers

powers that a branch of government has that are not stated explicitly in the constitution

Supremacy Clause

Federal law is supreme over state law

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution; published federalist papers

Antifederalists

people who opposed the Constitution