Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

the study of the structure (morphology) of the body and its parts (form and organization)

Physiology

studies the functions of these parts and how they work and interact

Levels of Organization

Atom, molecules, macromolecules, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Characteristics, or qualities, of life are traits shared by all organisms:

Growth, Reproduction, Responsiveness, Movement, & Metabolism

Metabolism (nutrient cycling):

Respiration, Digestion, Circulation, & Excretion

Requirements of organisms to maintain life:

Water, Heat, Pressure, Food, & Oxygen

Homeostasis

state of the human body in which the necessary conditions are kept relatively stable, allowing the body to function as it needs to

Set point

The ideal level for that condition to be at

Body temp

98.6 °F/37°C

Heart rate (bpm)

72 bpm

Blood pressure

Between 90/60mmHg & 120/80mmHg

Glucose level

90mg/100mL

Stimulus

A change to a level occurs

Receptors/Sensor

The body detects the change

Control center

Compares the current state to the set point & decides what to do to return to set point

Effectors

are muscles or glands that respond to the changes, to return the internal environment to stability

Integumentary system

Physical barrier that protects the body, senses stimuli, regulates body temperature, & produces vitamin D

Skeletal system

Body system & structure, allows movement, makes blood cells; protects organs; stores minerals such as calcium

Muscular system

Causes movements by contracting & relaxing

Nervous system

Carries electrical signals throughout the body to control thoughts & responses

Endocrine system

Makes hormones to regulate a variety of bodily functions

Cardiovascular system

Transportation of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, & waste products throughout the body

Respiratory system

Exchange of oxygen & carbon dioxide & carbon dioxide between the body & the atmosphere

Immune/lymphatic system

Prevents & minimizes infections of the body & returns excess fluid in the tissue back into the bloodstream

Digestive system

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, & eliminates waste

Urinary system

Filters blood & removes waste by producing & excreting urine

Reproductive system

Produces & sustains sperm & egg cells, enables fertilization, & supports developing offspring

Cranial cavity

Brain

Spinal/vertebral cavity

Spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea

Abdominal cavity

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, & large intestine

Pelvic cavity

Urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, & some large intestine

Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Anterior

In front

Posterior

Behind

Medial

Towards the midline

Lateral

Away from the midline

Proximal

Close to the trunk

Distal

Further from the trunk

Superficial

Towards the surface

Deep

Away from the surface, internal

Supine

Face-up

Prone

Face-down

Saggital

Separates left & right

Coronal (frontal)

Separates anterior & posterior of the body

Transverse

Separates the superior & inferior parts of the body