Sheep and Goat Production Exam 4

TTU ANSC 4406: Sheep and Goat Production Exam 4

Enterotoxemia/Overeating Disease: Type D

• most common

• Cause: Clostridium perfringes

• Symptoms: uncomfortable, convulsing, coma, then death

• PVx: CD&T vaccine

• Tx: early on-antibiotics

Enterotoxemia/Overeating Disease: Type C

• Cause: hemorrhagic enterotoxemia

• Symptoms: bloody scours, refusing feed, bloat

• PVx: CD&T vaccine for ewes 1 mnth before lambing

Enterotoxemia/Overeating Disease: Type B

• Symptoms: yellow and runny scours

• PVx: CD&T vaccine for ewe

• Tx: CD&T vaccine for ewe

Tetanus

• Cause: Clostridium tetani

• Symptoms: muscle contraction w/out relaxation, death by heart attack or stroke

• PVx: Tetanus toxoid

• Tx: early on-Tetanus antitoxin, no treatment for lamb with symptoms

Soremouth

• Cause: virus

• Symptoms: scabs and sours on mouth, lips, eyes, and udders, refusing feed, weight loss, then secondary infections can cause death

• PVx: OPTIONAL vaccinate

• Tx: animals will build immunity over time

Polyarthritis/Stiff Lamb Disease

• Cause: Chlamydia

• Symptoms: stiffness, soreness, and joint inflammation

• Tx: Oxytetracycline (3-5 cc for 5 days), treat within 1st week, exercise to loosen joints

Salmonellosis

• Cause: transmitted via pest

• Symptoms: watery green diarrhea, dehydration, abortion, gut damage, lamb and immunocompromised adult death

• PVx: sanitization

• Tx: feed and hydration

Coccidiosis

• Cause: coccidia protozoa

• Symptoms: damages small intestinal lining, diarrhea, dehydration, fever, weight loss, lethargy, refusing feed

• PVx: feed Decox or Rumensin

• Tx: Corid, Amprolium, or Marquis

Shipping Fever

• Cause: changes, stress, dust, weather

• Symptoms: coughing, nasal discharge, fever, frothing at mouth, death

• PVx: reduce stress and improve conditions

• Tx: early on-antibiotics

Urinary Calculi (common in males)

• Cause: stone in urinary tract or urine around penis

• Symptoms: sheep lays alone, lethargy

• PVx: Ca:P sheep 2:1, goats 2.5:1

• Tx: early on-drench ammonium chloride, massage stone, Sx if stone doesn’t pass

White Muscle Disease

• Cause: Vit E or Selenium deficiency

• Symptoms: loss of muscle function (starts in hindlimb and moves up)

• Tx: Bo-Se

Blue Tongue

• Cause: transmitted via gnat

• Symptoms: swollen head, tongue, and face, lame, sensitive to light, death by suffocation

• PVx: vaccinate with modified-live virus (NOT pregnant females)

• Tx: anti-inflammatories, keep out of sun

Rectal Prolapse

• Cause: highly concentrated finishing diet

• Symptoms: coughing causing prolapse

• PVx: treat coughing

• Tx: Iodine to form scar tissue, amputate

Epididymitis

• Cause: Brucella ovis

• Symptoms: swollen testicles, growth/knots, hard lumps from Ca deposits

• Tx: CULL

Sheath Rot

• Cause: protein excretion

• Symptoms: scalding and scabs around penis, reduced sexual behavior

• Tx: antibiotic

Ketosis

• Cause: inadequate nutrition in late gestation

• Symptoms: weak and down ewe, blindness, coma, death

• PVx: feed more calories

• Tx: glucose

Milk Fever (common in high producing females)

• Cause: hypocalcemia

• Symptoms: weak and lethargic ewes

• PVx: supplement Ca or limestone

• Tx: Ca dextrose or Ca gluconate

Grass Tetany/Wheat Pasture Poisoning

• Cause: K in wheat/fertilized forage that reduces Mg absorption

• Symptoms: excitable, rapid breathing, uncomfortable, flighty

• PVx: Mg mineral block

• Tx: Mg sulfate

Listeriosis/Circling Disease

• Cause: spoiled silage

• Symptoms: brain swelling, loss of brain

• PVx: proper silage handling

Vibriosis

• Cause: Camphylobacter

• Symptoms: ewes abort 1 month before lambing

• PVx: 2 shots before breeding, ewes develop immunity

• Tx: vaccinate and give Oxytetracycline

Enzootic Abortion (EAE)

• Cause: protozoa

• Symptoms: abortion in late gestation

• PVx: vaccinate (expensive), ewes develop immunity

Mastitis: Nongangrenous

• Cause: microbes infecting udder

• Symptoms: hard and swollen udder, milk and bloody pus clotting udder

• Tx: antibiotics

Mastitis: Gangrenous (common in confinement)

• Cause: microbes infecting udder

• Symptoms: dying tissues, fever, hard and swollen udder sloughs off

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)

• Symptoms: low endurance, wasting away, decreased respiratory function, decreased reproduction, weight loss, mastitis, death in old ewes

• PVx: CULL genetics

• Tx: CULL

Johne (Paratuberculosis)

• Cause: mycobacteria

• Symptoms: persistent diarrhea, weight loss, death, progressive disease

Footrot

• Cause: high rainfall, muddy, unsanitary conditions

• Symptoms: weight loss, lesion and sores on feet, laying down

• PVx: regular hoof trim

• Tx: trim and soak feet every 3 days, keep isolated for 1-2 mnths

Vaginal Prolapse

• Cause: reoccurring issue, some genetic aspect

• PVx: place bearing retainer (spoon)

• Tx: sew close, CULL

Bloat

• Cause: alfalfa overgrazing, air/foam in rumen

• Symptoms: bloat on left side, laying down, suffocation then death

• PVx: bloat guard

• Tx: stomach tube, puncture left side, give mineral oil

Spider-Lamb Syndrome (common in Suffolk)

• Cause: recessive gene

• Symptoms: spinal column and long bone deformities, death

• PVx: genetic testing

• Tx: CULL

Scrapie

• Cause: prion (protein)

• Symptoms: itch, scratch, odd movement

• PVx: genetic testing

• Tx: CULL

Sheep Ked

• Cause: tick

• Symptoms: bite and irritate sheep, effect fleece quality, raised blemish on pelt, itch, scratch

• PVx: dip, spray, or dust

• Tx: shear, give PVx

Wool Maggot

• Cause: fly larvae, wet environment

• Symptoms: larvae feed on wool and dead skin

• PVx: lambing/docking/castrating before Spring

• Tx: shear

Screw Worm

• Cause: fly larvae

• Symptoms: death, worms feed on live tissue

• PVx: fly sterilization

• Tx: deworm

Lice

• Symptoms: scratching, itching, effects wool quality, weight loss

• PVx: clean bedding

• Tx: topical medication

Head Bots

• Cause: larvae in sinuses

• Symptoms: head shaking, snorting

• PVx: fly prevention

Psorptic Mange/Scabies

• Cause: mite

• Symptoms: itchiness

• Tx: topical medication

Lung Worms

• Cause: wet, low-lying pastures and cool weather

• Symptoms: worms penetrate tissues to get to lungs and in severe case-infection, fever, coughing, rapid breathing, poor performance

• Tx: deworm

Tape Worm

• Symptoms: effect small intestine, decreased lamb growth, and in severe case-intestinal blockage leading to overeating disease

• Tx: deworm

Fluke Worm

• transmitted via snails

• Symptoms: decreased nutrition, liver damage in lambs, death in sheep

• Tx: Clorsulon and Albendazole

Deworming Methods

drench, feed, water, injection

Benzimidazoles

Safeguard and Panacure (same), Vabazen

Not safe for pregnant females

Imidazothiazoles

Levisol, Tramisol, Rumatel

Macrolides

Ivomec and Lydectin

good against external blood sucking parasites

Management Strategies

good drainage - no standing water

prevent over stocking

clean, rested pastures for lambs

feed pan, NOT on ground

adequate available nutrition

rotational grazing

genetics with parasite resistance

Callipyge

genetic mutation in sheep resulting in extreme muscling

• muscling is increased in the loin and rear, but NOT front limb

gene passed from ram is expressed

lambs are born normal in size and appearance

expresses at 40 days old

lambs are more feed efficient and have reduced wool production