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cognition
mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
concepts
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
prototypes
a mental image or best example of a category
critical thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
divergent thinking
expands the number of possible problem solutions (creative thinking that diverges in different directions)
Metacognition
"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
Algorithm
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Heuristic
a rule-of-thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier also more error-prone than algorithms
insight
a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
fixed vs growth mindset
Fixed = Intelligence is a fixed trait that cannot be developed. Growth = Intelligence is a malleable quality that can be developed and cultivated through effort. Carol Dweck.
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
mental set
a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
representative heuristic
judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
availibility heuristic
basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
Overconfidence
the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
self-serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
belief perserverance
clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
cognitive dissonance
Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions
Priming
An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus
framing
the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
functional fixedness
seeing objects only for their usual use
Gambler's Fallacy
the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently
sunk cost fallacy
a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation
creativity
the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas
executive function
skills for planning focusing and multitasking
intelegence
the ability to acquire and apply knowledge and skills
Assessment
the process of measuring knowedge skills or abilities
acheviement test
a test designed to assess what a person has learned
aptitude test
a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn
stanford-binet intellegence test
wideley used intellegence test that measures cognitive abilities across different age groups
intellegence test
a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores
