APUSH Chapter 19-Civilization's Inferno": The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities, 1880-1917

Chicago School

A school of architecture dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.

Louis Sullivan

The person who created the Chicago School. His ideas of set-back windows and strong columns gave the skyscrapers and presence while always giving workers plenty of light inside

Mutual Aid Societies

an urban aid society that served an ethnic immigrant group in a particular location and collected dues from members to pay support

race riot

an attack by white mobs triggered by street altercations, rumors, or crime

tenements

cheap housing unit that were multiple levels created to house working-class immigrants, became a symbol of urban immigrant poverty

vaudeville theater

a stage show that was popular in the 1880s and 1890s that was meant for entertainment of urban masses

Ragtime

a form of music named for it's rhythm that became popular among all classes and races, "crossover" music because it borrowed from working-class African Americans by those who were white and middle class, created an urban dance craze

Scott Joplin

a composer and traveling performer who took piano lessons as a boy, then was one of the people who introduced ragtime to national audiences

W.C. Handy

trumpet player and bandleader who made blues popular in America by performing to national audiences and writing the hit "St. Louis Blues"

Blues

a form of music that originated in the deep south (workers in the cotton fields of the Mississippi Delta) that spoke of hard work and heartbreak

Yellow Journalism

a derogatory term for mass-market newspapers

Pulitzer

owned the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and New York World, reported news

Hearst

competition to Pulitzer, both exposed scandals and injustices to America

Muckrakers

critical term first used by Roosevelt for investigative journalists who published exposes of political scandals and industrial abuses

Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities

book that denounced the corruption in American urban governments

Political Machines

local party bureaucracies that kept a tight grip on both elected and appointed public offices. These machines at the bottom were precinct captains who knew every city neighborhood and block; above them were ward bosses and, at the top, powerful citywide leaders. Machines dispensed jobs and patronage, arranged for urban services, and devoted their energies to staying in office.

Tammany Hall

New York's Tammany Society met here in Tammany Hall. Their leader was George Washington Plunkitt, and many of the supporters were Irish.

National Municipal League

it's leaders advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers to direct operations like a corporate executive

Progressivism

A loose term for political reformers — especially those from the elite and middle classes — who worked to improve the political system, fight poverty, conserve environmental resources, and increase government involvement in the economy. Giving their name to the "Progressive Era," such reformers were often prompted to act by fear that mass, radical protests by workers and farmers would spread, as well as by their desire to enhance social welfare and social justice.

Jacob Riis How the Other Half Lives

A book that used included photographs of tenement interiors that had a profound influence on Theodore Roosevelt, the New York City police commissioner.

Mann Act

Prohibited the transportation of prostitutes across state lines

Social Settlement

A community welfare center that investigated the plight of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocate on their own behalf. Social settlements became a nationally recognized reform strategy during the Progressive Era.

Hull House

One of the first and most famous social settlements, founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and her companion Ellen Gates Starr in an impoverished, largely Italian immigrant neighborhood on Chicago's West Side.

Jane Addams

A progressive reformer who created the Jane Addams Hull House after going to the Rockford University. The house was for the poor and new immigrants to take classes and adapt to the new environment.

Margaret Sanger

a nurse who moved to New York City in 1911 and was disgusted by women suffering with constant pregnancies. She wrote a newspaper column "What Every Girl Should Know", which helped her launch a national birth control movement

Upton Sinclair The Jungle

exposed some of the most extreme forms of labor exploitation in this novel, which described appalling conditions in Chicago meat-packing plants

Pure Food and Drug Act

A 1906 law regulating the conditions in the food and drug industries to ensure a safe supply of food and medicine

Josephine Shaw Lowell

A Civil War widow from a prominent family, founded the New York Consumers' League (eventually called the National Consumer's League) to improve wages and working conditions for female store clerks

National Consumer's League/ Florence Kelley

Begun in New York, a national progressive organization that encouraged women, through their shopping decisions, to support fair wages and working conditions for industrial laborers. Florence Kelley was the head of this League and advocated for worker protection laws

Women's Trade Union League

A labor organization for women founded in New York in 1903 that brought elite, middle-class, and working-class women together as allies. The WTUL supported union organizing efforts among garment workers

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A devastating fire that quickly spread through the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York City on March 25, 1911, killing 146 people. In the wake of the tragedy, fifty-six state laws were passed dealing with such issues as fire hazards, unsafe machines, and wages and working hours for women and children. The fire also provided a national impetus for industrial reform