JMU PSYC101 FINAL REVIEW 3

Which class of mental illness has the highest lifetime prevalence rate?

mood-related disorders

anxiety-related disorders

dissociative disorders

psychotic disorders

anxiety-related disorders

The Beck Depression Inventory is an example of a __________ and the Thematic Apperception Test is an example of a __________.

self-report measure; self-report measure

self-report measure; projective test

projective test; self-report measure

projective test; projective test

self-report measure; projective test

In the United States, the __________ is used as the primary classification scheme for psychological disorders.

International Classification of Diseases

World Health Organization

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

American Psychiatric Association

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

When he was a child, Charlie had a lot of trouble with math. Eventually, he developed the belief that he would never be able to perform well, no matter how hard he tried. Even after he got personalized tutoring to meet his needs, he continued to believe there was no point in trying in his math classes, since he would fail anyway. What is the name for these kinds of beliefs?

anhedonia

learned helplessness

rumination

neuroticism

learned helplessness

According to your text, people are more likely to develop depression or anxiety if they experienced

childhood maltreatment.

stressful life events.

early childhood maltreatment combined with later stressful life events.

neither early childhood maltreatment nor later stressful life events.

early childhood maltreatment combined with later stressful life events.

To explain whether an individual develops a psychological disorder, the __________ model examines the influence of genes, brain neurotransmitters, thinking patterns, and social factors.

learned helplessness

biopsychosocial

wellness

neuroticism

biopsychosocial

Julie is running a study in which she will collect biological data on people with a variety of different anxiety disorders. Based on the existing research, which finding should Julie most likely expect?

high prefrontal activity

low insula activity

autonomic nervous system stability

high amygdala activity

high amygdala activity

In the United States, which demographic group is at highest risk for death by suicide?

non-Hispanic white adolescent males

Native American adolescent females

African American adult males

non-Hispanic white adult females

non-Hispanic white adolescent males

According to Aaron Beck, people with depression frequently have negative thoughts in the following areas:

 the world, society, and the self.

the world, their health, and their pasts.

the world, the future, and the self.

the workplace, the future, and the self.

the world, the future, and the self.

In schizophrenia, the __________ symptoms refer to thoughts or behaviors that are not evident in healthy people, and __________ symptoms refer to the absence of behaviors usually seen in healthy people.

negative; positive

disorganized; anhedonia

anhedonia; catatonia

positive; negative

positive; negative

__________ is defined as a relatively consistent pattern of thinking and behaving that can explain why different people might react differently to the same situations.

Self-construal

Self-esteem

Self-awareness

Personality

Personality

While shopping at the supermarket, you see a small child throw a temper tantrum because their parent won’t buy them the candy they want. According to Freud, what part of personality is likely responsible for this child’s behavior?

id

superego

ego

conscious

id

 

Which of the following defense mechanisms has been called into question by contemporary research, including evidence that emotionally arousing information and experiences tend to be remembered better than everyday events?

denial

projection

displacement

repression

repression

Gordon Allport distinguished between three different kinds of personality traits. What are they?

primary, secondary, tertiary

precentral, central, postcentral

cardinal, central, secondary

preconscious, conscious, unconscious

cardinal, central, secondary

According to the __________ hypothesis, the traits that are most useful for distinguishing between people become part of the language that we use.

linguistic

Chomsky

lexical

Whorfian

lexical

What are the Big Five personality traits?

extraversion, open-mindedness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism

openness to experiences, creativity, earnestness, assertiveness, neuroticism

open-mindedness, conscientiousness, adaptability, extraversion, mindfulness

creativity, agreeableness, earnestness, conscientiousness, impulsiveness

extraversion, open-mindedness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism

Which type of analysis is a statistical technique that allows researchers to take hundreds or thousands of personality traits and form substantially fewer groups based on which traits correlate with one another?

cluster

grouping

factor

regression

factor

The study of __________ has revealed some evidence for a biological mechanism in the basis of personality, related to systems involved in threat and uncertainty.

neuroticism

conscientiousness

fight or flight

introversion

neuroticism

For which two of the Big Five personality traits is there at best mixed evidence of a biological basis?

agreeableness and conscientiousness

conscientiousness and neuroticism

agreeableness and extraversion

extraversion and openness

extraversion and openness

Liam believes that if he studies hard enough, he is sure to do well on his final exams, indicating a(n) __________ locus of control.

positive

internal

negative

external

internal

Elisha is a psychology major and most fascinated by how people change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally over their lifetimes. Which subfield of psychology most closely matches her interest?

developmental

social

applied behavioral

personality

developmental

A research group wants to study changes in peoples’ attitudes toward medical care as they age from seventy to eighty years. Which of the developmental psychology study design methods requires only one group of participants for this research?

cross-sectional

longitudinal

sequential

maturational

longitudinal

Place the prenatal developmental stages in the proper order from earliest to latest.

germinal → embryonic → fetal

embryonic → germinal → fetal

germinal → fetal → embryonic

embryonic → fetal → germinal

germinal → embryonic → fetal

Brett continues to drink alcohol and smoke marijuana and tobacco during her pregnancy. Which statement most accurately describes the potential effect of these substances on her fetus’s development?

Prenatal exposure to frequent alcohol consumption decreases the likelihood that offspring find the smell and taste of alcohol appealing.

These substances are unlikely to affect prenatal development because the placenta will prevent them from reaching the fetus.

There has been very little research on the effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol and the active ingredients in marijuana and tobacco.

These substances are considered teratogens that can interfere with prenatal development.

These substances are considered teratogens that can interfere with prenatal development.

The motor development of infants progresses in two general directions. What are they?

from feet to head; from the center of the body outward

from head to feet; from the body’s extremities inward 

from feet to head; from the body’s extremities inward

from head to feet; from the center of the body outward

from head to feet; from the center of the body outward

A team of researchers is utilizing the violation-of-expectation method to study what infants know about the laws of gravity. Which of the following phenomena makes this method useful for these researchers?

Infants will stare longer at unexpected objects and events.

Infants will stare longer at familiar objects and expected events.

Infants will physically search for hidden objects they expect to exist.

Infants will cease to expect the existence of an object once it is hidden.

Infants will stare longer at unexpected objects and events.

Chloe brings her one-year-old son to a pediatric psychologist for evaluation because he rarely explores his surroundings, gets very upset when Chloe leaves him, and acts strangely when she returns, first crying and running to her but then slapping and biting her. Before any observation is completed, what type of attachment style would the psychologist anticipate Chloe’s son to have, based on Chloe’s report?

avoidant/ambivalent

secure

insecure/avoidant

insecure/ambivalent

insecure/ambivalent

Arjun is four years old and can clearly indicate that two containers of the same size, filled to the same level, hold the same amount of liquid. However, when the liquid from one of the containers is poured into another that is skinnier and taller, Arjun indicates that this new container now holds more liquid than the other. According to Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which stage is Arjun in and what principle has he failed to understand?

concrete operational; conservation

concrete operational; symbolic representation

preoperational; conservation

preoperational; symbolic representation

preoperational; conservation

 

Piaget proposed that children in the preoperational period experience egocentrism, which presents itself as a(n)

difficulty perceiving situations from another person’s point of view.

ability to use one’s own experience to understand the experiences of others.

difficulty separating infant attachment style from new peer relationships.

ability to predict a false belief in another person.

difficulty perceiving situations from another person’s point of view.

Van wants to use the principles of scaffolding through language to support his daughter’s development of a theory of mind and autobiographical memory. Which evidence-based scaffolds could Van provide to benefit these developmental abilities?

refer frequently to mental states and use language related to thoughts, desires, and interests

let his daughter initiate conversations about her past experiences without asking any probing questions

avoid using language that challenges his daughter’s egocentric reasoning to avoid confusion or misinterpretation during this stage

provide negative reinforcement for ineffective thought patterns and positive reinforcement for productive thought patterns

refer frequently to mental states and use language related to thoughts, desires, and interests

What term do psychologists use to collectively refer to activities like knowing, solving problems, and making judgments and decisions?

cognition

perception

sensation

learning

cognition

What type of psychologist would be most likely to study how people reason through complex logic problems?

social psychologist

evolutionary psychologist

forensic psychologist

cognitive psychologist

cognitive psychologist

__________ refers to the step-by-step procedure for solving a problem that guarantees a solution.

Heuristic

Prototype

Mental set

Algorithm

Algorithm

While cooking dinner, Tobias accidentally breaks his last bowl. To solve this problem, he goes to the store to buy a new bowl instead of realizing he could have used a small pot. In this instance, Tobias exhibited __________, because small pots are not usually used as bowls.

restructuring

hindsight bias

problem-solving fatigue

functional fixedness

functional fixedness

The __________ heuristic is a mental shortcut for judging the likelihood of category membership based on the similarity between a new example and existing category members.

affect

fixedness

representativeness

availability

representativeness

In one study, researchers asked participants to estimate the likelihood of certain events, then compared participants’ guesses to the actual statistical likelihood of those events. What were these researchers most likely studying?

the availability heuristic

confirmation bias

the representativeness heuristic

belief perseverance

the availability heuristic

Research on affectively laden decisions has found that people are more likely to make harsher moral judgments when they are made to feel which emotion?

disgust

sadness

anger

boredom

disgust

While scrolling through her news feed, Sharon fails to realize that a particular news story is satirical, largely because it aligns with her preexisting beliefs. In this case, what has Sharon fallen prey to?

the availability heuristic

the representativeness heuristic

belief perseverance

confirmation bias

confirmation bias

Arrange the units of language according to size, from smallest to largest.

phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase

word, phrase, morpheme, phoneme

morpheme, phoneme, word, phrase

word, phrase, phoneme, morpheme

phoneme, morpheme, word, phrase

What are the smallest units of language that convey meaning?

morphemes

semantics

phonemes

syntax

morphemes

What are the three main reasons most people don’t become serial killers?

Economic, political, social

Personality, mental health, physical limitations

Empathy/emotions, social compliance, morality

Consequences, responsibility, fear

Empathy/emotions, social compliance, morality

The national prevalence in the United States for individuals with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is between 1-4%. What is one theorized range for the prevalence among CEOs of Fortune 500 companies with ASPD?

1-4%

4-12%

15-25%

Around 30%

4-12%

What is/are some biological factors in the formation of a serial killer?

Parental abuse 

Trauma

Bullying

Genetics

Genetics

What is/are some psychological factors in the formation of a serial killer?

Childhood experiences

Lack of physiological response to stress

Poverty

Genetics

Childhood experiences

Before being diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder, one must exhibit traits of what other diagnosis before the age of 15?

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Head Trauma (HT)

Conduct Disorder (CD)

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)

Conduct Disorder (CD)

One major difference between Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) with a Factor 1 diagnosis (Psychopaths) and a ASPD with a Factor 2 diagnosis (formally known as Sociopaths) is

Individuals with Factor 1 traits (Psychopaths) tend to be more emotional and less organized

Individuals with Factor 2 (Sociopaths) traits tend to be incapable of forming intimate relationships and connections

Individuals with Factor 1 traits tend to display skillful manipulation and cunning

Individuals with Factor 2 traits tend to have more of a genetic/biological basis

Individuals with Factor 1 traits tend to display skillful manipulation and cunning

Genie Wiley’s unfortunate upbringing and environment robbed her of the typical chances of stimulation and nurturing that allow for healthy development in children. As a result, she will never reach many developmental milestones that are normal for most individuals. For her speech/language comprehension, which hemisphere of her brain took over for processing--even though it is not typically associated with processing speech in a typical brain?

Prefrontal

Hindbrain

Left brain

Right brain

Right brain

Because Genie Wiley will never form full sentences, what does this special Case Study help to verify for development psychologists, that they could not otherwise ethically discover for themselves through careful experimentation?

The left brain is more dominant than the right brain

There are critical windows of development in our childhood for certain functioning, and without the right support, the brain will simply never develop that functioning once the window is missed.

Trauma, both physical and psychological, affects the way in which we learn to speak.

Language capabilities, or lack thereof, are genetic. Genie was dealt with poor genetics.

There are critical windows of development in our childhood for certain functioning, and without the right support, the brain will simply never develop that functioning once the window is missed.

The unfortunate case of Genie Wiley can be considered in the discussion of whether genetics or environment is more important to development. Genie’s unfortunate circumstances would pertain to which of these two factors specifically?

Environment

Genetics

Both of the above

None of the above

Environment

According to Gardner’s theory of Multiple Intelligences (MI), what was NOT traditionally advantaged on most classic IQ metrics?

Visual/spatial intelligence

Logical/mathematical intelligence

Naturalistic intelligence

Linguistic intelligence

Naturalistic intelligence