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Role of Agriculture in 1st Industrial Revolution:

Provided raw materials for industries.

Inventions like the seed drill boosted productivity.

Inventions in Textile Industry

Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule revolutionized this form

Breakthroughs in Transportation

Steam engine, locomotives, and steamships transformed

Differences between 1st and 2nd Industrial Revolution

They concern Mechanization, water/steam power, factories. Also concerns electricity, steel, chemicals, telecommunications.

Industrial Revolution Impact on Demographics & Politics

Urbanization, labor movements, social reforms.

Why England First?

Abundant resources, stable politics, strong economy, skilled workforce.

States Associated with German and Italian Unifications

Germany: Otto von Bismarck, Prussia.

Italy: Cavour, Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II, Piedmont-Sardinia, Naples, Sicily.

Who was Joseph Mazzini

He was an Italian nationalist. He also formed the Young Italy Society

Who was Count Cavour?

He was the Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, and was allied with the French to defeat the Austrians

Who was Victor Emmanuel II?

He was the king of Piedmont-Sardinia, the first king of unified Italy

Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?

He was an Italian patriot, and rose an army in Southern Italy, and overthrew the 2 sicilies

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

He was the Chancellor of Prussia, and didn’t care about how people felt, and only cared about practicality. He created a very strong army.

Who was Napoleon Bonaparte III?

He was the President/Emperor of France, and was very authoritarian and took away freedoms, but also expanded the economy

What were the causes of Imperialism?

Included economic, political, strategic motives. Also, social motives like spreading Christianity and Western values.

Patterns in Map of Imperialism

European powers dominated Africa, Asia, and the Americas. British Empire was largest, followed by France, Germany, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Italy.