Human Anatomy Unit 2 Quiz 3

What’s the main function of the axial skeleton?

protection of internal organs

What’s the main function of the appendicular skeleton?

movement

How many total bones are in the human body?

206

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

pectoral (shoulder) girdle, upper limb, pelvic (hip) girdle, lower limb

What makes up pectoral girdle?

clavicle and scapula

What makes up the upper limb?

humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

What makes up the pelvic girdle?

coxal/innominate bones

What makes up the lower limb?

femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Function of the pectoral girdle

Attaches upper limb to axial skeleton

Describe the shape/structure of the clavicle.

S-shaped

Describe the location of the clavicle.

articulates with the manubrium (of sternum—broad top part) and acromion (of scapula—top outer edge)

Describe how the structure of the clavicle lends itself to its characteristic(s).

frequently fractured because it’s so thin and close to the skin

Describe the shape/structure of the scapula.

Triangular flat bone

Describe how the structure of the scapula lends itself to its characteristic(s).

The many spines, projections, and fossae serve as attachment points for muscles & ligaments of the shoulder.

How many bones does the upper limb consist of?

30

Which bones does the upper limb consist of? List the number of each type of bone as well.

Humerus
Ulna (forearm)
Radius (forearm)
8 carpals (wrist)
5 metacarpals (palm)
14 phalanges (fingers)

Describe the location of the humerus (relative to other body structures).

Proximal end articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula (a depression that the humerus fits into), Distal end articulates with radius & ulna

Which joints make up the upper limb?

acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints

acromioclavicular joint

a joint in the shoulder where the clavicle and scapula meet

glenohumeral joint

ball-and-socket synovial joint between the glenoid of the scapula and the proximal humerus

Describe the location of the ulna (by itself and relative to other body structures)

On medial side of forearm; articulates with the humerus

Describe the location of the radius (by itself and relative to other body structures)

On lateral side of forearm; articulates with the humerus

Pronation

the rotation of the hand and forearm so that the palm faces downwards OR the natural inward roll of your foot

Supination

the rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces upward OR the outward rolling of your foot

Describe the structure of carpals.

8 small bones joined to each other by ligaments lined up in two rows (names are based on their shapes)

Name the bones found in the carpals.

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

Describe the structure of the metacarpals and phalanges.

From distal to proximal: distal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, proximal phalanges, metacarpals, carpals (make up your palm and fingers)

Describe the overall structure of the pelvis.

Consists of 2 hip (coxal) bones that are joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis & posteriorly with the sacrum, forming a complete ring called the “bony pelvis”

How can the structure of the pelvis be divided?

anterior part = pelvic girdle = innominate bones
posterior part = pelvic spine = sacrum and coccyx

Describe the structure of the pelvic girdle.

two innominate bones, each composed of 3 bones—ilium, ischium, and pubis—that fuse early on in life

Which joints are found in the pelvis region?

Sacroiliac and hip joints

Describe the structure of the sacroiliac joint.

sacrum is joined to the ilium by ligaments; there’s a small amount of motion at this joint

Describe the structure of the hip joint.

a ball and socket joint where the femur articulates with the innominate bones by fitting into the deep acetabulums that have fibrocartilage lips called labrum; a capsule (made of ligaments) encloses the joint and provides stability; ligaments and bones make this one of the strongest articulations in the body

How many bones does the lower limb consist of?

30

Which bones does the lower limb consist of? List the number of each of bone as well.

Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 tarsals
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges

Describe the structure of the femur.

Longest, strongest bone in body

Describe the location of the femur (relative to other bones).

Articulates with acetabulum, tibia, and patella

Describe the structure of the patella.

sesamoid bone; close to/surrounded by bursae

Describe the function of the patella.

Increases leverage of thigh musculature (quadriceps femoris); Protects knee joint

Bursa

sac filled with synovial fluid that decrease friction

What are the types of bursa found in the knee joint?

prepatellar, infrapatellar, suprapatellar bursa

Describe the location of the prepatellar bursa.

between the patella and the skin

Describe the location of the infrapatellar bursa.

between the top part (superior end) of the tibia and patella

Describe the location of the suprapatellar bursa.

between the quadriceps and the femur

Describe the location of the tibia.

medial side of the leg; articulates with femur and fibula on proximal end; articulates with fibula and talus on distal end

Describe the structure of the fibula.

distal ends forms lateral malleolus (a bony projection)

Describe the location of the fibula.

lateral side of the leg; proximal end articulates with the tibia; distal end articulates with tibia and talus

Describe the structure of the foot.

tarsals form ankle joint and part of foot; metatarsals and phalanges make up the forefoot

Name the bones found in the metatarsals and tarsals.

talus (ankle bone), calcaneus (heel bone), navicular bone, medial cuneiform bone, intermediate cuneiform bone, lateral cuneiform bone, cuboid

Which joints are found in the tarsals and metatarsals?

transverse tarsal joint and tarsometatarsal

transverse tarsal joint

connects hindfoot (talus and calcaneus) with midfoot (everything else before phalanges)

tarsometatarsal joint

connects midfoot (medial, intermediate, lateral, cuboid) with palanges