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What’s the main function of the axial skeleton?
protection of internal organs
What’s the main function of the appendicular skeleton?
movement
How many total bones are in the human body?
206
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
pectoral (shoulder) girdle, upper limb, pelvic (hip) girdle, lower limb
What makes up pectoral girdle?
clavicle and scapula
What makes up the upper limb?
humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
What makes up the pelvic girdle?
coxal/innominate bones
What makes up the lower limb?
femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Function of the pectoral girdle
Attaches upper limb to axial skeleton
Describe the shape/structure of the clavicle.
S-shaped
Describe the location of the clavicle.
articulates with the manubrium (of sternum—broad top part) and acromion (of scapula—top outer edge)
Describe how the structure of the clavicle lends itself to its characteristic(s).
frequently fractured because it’s so thin and close to the skin
Describe the shape/structure of the scapula.
Triangular flat bone
Describe how the structure of the scapula lends itself to its characteristic(s).
The many spines, projections, and fossae serve as attachment points for muscles & ligaments of the shoulder.
How many bones does the upper limb consist of?
30
Which bones does the upper limb consist of? List the number of each type of bone as well.
Humerus
Ulna (forearm)
Radius (forearm)
8 carpals (wrist)
5 metacarpals (palm)
14 phalanges (fingers)
Describe the location of the humerus (relative to other body structures).
Proximal end articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula (a depression that the humerus fits into), Distal end articulates with radius & ulna
Which joints make up the upper limb?
acromioclavicular and glenohumeral joints
acromioclavicular joint
a joint in the shoulder where the clavicle and scapula meet
glenohumeral joint
ball-and-socket synovial joint between the glenoid of the scapula and the proximal humerus
Describe the location of the ulna (by itself and relative to other body structures)
On medial side of forearm; articulates with the humerus
Describe the location of the radius (by itself and relative to other body structures)
On lateral side of forearm; articulates with the humerus
Pronation
the rotation of the hand and forearm so that the palm faces downwards OR the natural inward roll of your foot
Supination
the rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palm faces upward OR the outward rolling of your foot
Describe the structure of carpals.
8 small bones joined to each other by ligaments lined up in two rows (names are based on their shapes)
Name the bones found in the carpals.
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
Describe the structure of the metacarpals and phalanges.
From distal to proximal: distal phalanges, intermediate phalanges, proximal phalanges, metacarpals, carpals (make up your palm and fingers)
Describe the overall structure of the pelvis.
Consists of 2 hip (coxal) bones that are joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis & posteriorly with the sacrum, forming a complete ring called the “bony pelvis”
How can the structure of the pelvis be divided?
anterior part = pelvic girdle = innominate bones
posterior part = pelvic spine = sacrum and coccyx
Describe the structure of the pelvic girdle.
two innominate bones, each composed of 3 bones—ilium, ischium, and pubis—that fuse early on in life
Which joints are found in the pelvis region?
Sacroiliac and hip joints
Describe the structure of the sacroiliac joint.
sacrum is joined to the ilium by ligaments; there’s a small amount of motion at this joint
Describe the structure of the hip joint.
a ball and socket joint where the femur articulates with the innominate bones by fitting into the deep acetabulums that have fibrocartilage lips called labrum; a capsule (made of ligaments) encloses the joint and provides stability; ligaments and bones make this one of the strongest articulations in the body
How many bones does the lower limb consist of?
30
Which bones does the lower limb consist of? List the number of each of bone as well.
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
7 tarsals
5 metatarsals
14 phalanges
Describe the structure of the femur.
Longest, strongest bone in body
Describe the location of the femur (relative to other bones).
Articulates with acetabulum, tibia, and patella
Describe the structure of the patella.
sesamoid bone; close to/surrounded by bursae
Describe the function of the patella.
Increases leverage of thigh musculature (quadriceps femoris); Protects knee joint
Bursa
sac filled with synovial fluid that decrease friction
What are the types of bursa found in the knee joint?
prepatellar, infrapatellar, suprapatellar bursa
Describe the location of the prepatellar bursa.
between the patella and the skin
Describe the location of the infrapatellar bursa.
between the top part (superior end) of the tibia and patella
Describe the location of the suprapatellar bursa.
between the quadriceps and the femur
Describe the location of the tibia.
medial side of the leg; articulates with femur and fibula on proximal end; articulates with fibula and talus on distal end
Describe the structure of the fibula.
distal ends forms lateral malleolus (a bony projection)
Describe the location of the fibula.
lateral side of the leg; proximal end articulates with the tibia; distal end articulates with talus
Describe the structure of the foot.
tarsals form ankle joint and part of foot; metatarsals and phalanges make up the forefoot
Name the bones found in the metatarsals and tarsals.
talus (ankle bone), calcaneus (heel bone), navicular bone, medial cuneiform bone, intermediate cuneiform bone, lateral cuneiform bone, cuboid
Which joints are found in the tarsals and metatarsals?
transverse tarsal joint and tarsometatarsal
transverse tarsal joint
connects hindfoot (talus and calcaneus) with midfoot (everything else before phalanges)
tarsometatarsal joint
connects midfoot (medial, intermediate, lateral, cuboid) with palanges
Note 
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