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28 Terms
1
Light Dependent Reactions
Occur in the thylakoid membrane, require light, and produce ATP and NADPH.
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2
Calvin Cycle (Light Independent)
Occurs in the stroma and processes where enzymes reduce CO₂ into carbohydrates, requiring ATP, NADPH, and CO₂.
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3
NADP+
Molecule that accepts and delivers 2 electrons and 1 hydrogen ion (H⁺).
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4
Reduction
The process of gaining electrons.
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5
Oxidation
The process of losing electrons.
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6
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
High energy molecule with 3 phosphate groups.
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7
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate)
Lower energy molecule with 2 phosphate groups.
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8
Water Splitting (Photolysis)
Water is split at PSII, donating electrons to PSII, releasing oxygen atoms as O₂ and building up hydrogen ions (H⁺) concentration in the lumen.
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9
Light Absorption
Light is absorbed by pigments in PSII, transferring energy to electrons in the reaction center, energizing them.
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10
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
Electrons move down the ETC.
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11
Photosystem I (PSI)
PSI accepts electrons from the ETC and absorbs light by pigments, reenergizing the electrons.
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12
Electron Transport Chain
A series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria or thylakoids, critical for generating ATP.
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13
NADP Reductase
Electrons pass through the membrane protein called NADP reductase.
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14
Lumen Function
The lumen acts as a hydrogen ion reservoir, with hydrogen ions (H⁺) moving through ATP synthase.
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15
ATP Synthase
ATP synthase catalyzes the bonding of ADP and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) to produce ATP.
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16
Chemiosmosis
Movement of ions down a chemical gradient.
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17
Final Products
The main products of the light-dependent reactions are ATP and NADPH.
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18
RuBisCO
RuBisCO is the enzyme that fixes carbon into ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP).
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19
Carbon Reduction
ATP and NADPH, produced from the light-dependent reactions, are used in the Calvin Cycle; 3PGA undergoes reduction to form PGAL and G3P.
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20
Organic Molecule Production
The 3PGA molecules are starting materials for many organic molecules, helping produce starch, cellulose, sucrose, and plant oils.
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21
Photorespiration
Occurs when Rubisco fixes O₂ instead of CO₂, leading to a loss of CO₂, more likely when CO₂ levels are low and O₂ levels are high.
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22
RUBP
Ribulose bisphosphate, the substrate for Rubisco.
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23
3-PGA
3-Phosphoglycerate, a product formed in the Calvin Cycle.
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24
Triose Phosphate
Includes molecules like G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).
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25
2-PG
2-Phosphoglycolate, a byproduct of photorespiration.
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26
Calvin Cycle Overview
CO₂ is fixed by Rubisco into RUBP, forming 3-PGA, which is converted into triose phosphates using ATP and NADPH, resulting in sugars and other organic molecules.
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27
Evolutionary Context
Photorespiration evolved when atmospheric O₂ levels were lower and became problematic as O₂ levels increased.
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28
Significance of Oxygen Increase
The increase in O₂ allowed for the evolution of complex life forms and aerobic organisms, while anaerobic life forms declined.
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