Speech Chapters 1-19 Midterm Test Review

What are the similarities between public speaking and conversation?

-Organizing your thoughts logically

-Tailoring your message to the audience

-Telling a story for maximum impact

-Adapting to listener feedback

What are the differences between public speaking and conversation?

-Public speaking is more highly structured

-Public speaking requires more formal language

-Public speaking requires a delivery that is more erect with its posture, and avoids using mannerisms and verbal habits

Know the strategies for managing nervousness.

-Speaking experience

-Prepare

-Positivity

-Visualization

-Nervousness isn't visible

-Don't expect perfection

-Sleep

-Breathe

-Eye contact with a few audience members

-Visual aids

Explain how public speaking relates to a frame of reference.

-The speaker's sum of knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes will never be the exact same as the listener, so the message will never be exactly the same to a listener.

external interference

traffic, noise, conversation, hot/cold

When does nervousness begin to decrease.

-After the first 30 to 60 seconds of a presentation

Define ethnocentrism.

-Belief that our own group or culture is superior to all other groups and cultures.

Understand the importance of ethics.

-Speech should be guided by ethical integrity and weighed based on your values and sense of right and wrong.

Why should speakers avoid name calling?

-Name calling disrespects and devalues cultures, groups, or individuals, and can encourage prejudice, hate, and civil rights violations as well as stripping dignity and silence opposing voices.

Know the general guidelines for ethical speaking.

-Ethically sound goals

-Be prepared for each speech

-Be honest in what you say

-Avoid name-calling and other abusive language

-Put ethical principles into practice

Internal interference

toothache, test worries, brooding

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

appreciative listening

listening for pleasure or enjoyment

Empathetic listening

listening to proivde emotional support for the speaker

comprehensive listening

listening to understand the message of a speaker

Critical Listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

How to listen to a speech

-Take listening seriously

-Be an active listener

-Resist distractions

-Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery

-Suspend judgement

-Focus on your listening

-Main points

-Evidence

-Technique

-Note-taking skills

How not to listen to a speech

-Not concentrating

-Listening too hard

-Jumping to conclusions

-Focusing on delivery and personal appearance

Explain the different things a person can do when developing the topic.

-Be creative

-Mystery/suspense

-Danger, adventure and drama

-Colorful and descriptive language

What is the basic way to organize a speech?

-Intro (captures attention through story, question, or statement, introduces main idea)

-Body (chronological, topical main points)

-Conclusion (reinforce central idea, finish strong, dramatic clever, and thought-provoking note)

what do you do in the introduction of a speech

captures attention through story, question, or statement, introduces main idea

what do you do in the conclusion of a speech

reinforce central idea, finish strong, dramatic clever, and thought-provoking note

Personal Inventory

thinking about what you really know and care about in order to generate possible topics that are both meaningful to you and significant for your audience

Clustering

organizing items into related groups during recall from long-term memory, and breaking topics down from broad to more specific terms.

Internet Search

Entering a broad search term into a search engine and cominng up with more specific topics based on those search results

inform

aims to teach an audience about a specific topic. The speaker's goal is to make complex information easier to understand.

explain

Give a detailed account including reasons or causes.

entertain

provide (someone) with amusement or enjoyment.

specific purpose statement

a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech (for the speaker, and what they hope to acomplish during the speech).

ex: To inform my audience about the dangers of car crashes, and how they kill more people than sharks.

central idea of a speech

identifies the main concept, point, issue, or conclusion that a speaker wants an audience to understand, believe, or feel (sums up major ideas about a speech, and is directed at audience).

ex: When a person loses their companion, they can experience mental, emotional, and physical ailments.

Guidelines to make central idea of a speech

-topic (music therapy)

-general purpose (to inform)

-specific purpose (To inform my audience about the benefits of music therapy for people with psychological or cognitive disabilities. )

-central idea (music therapy developed as a formal mode of treatment during the 20th century, utilizes a number of methods, and is explained by several theories that account for its success.)

Denotative words

dictionary meaning a. (a school is a place where instruction is given)

Connotative words

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

ex: school could be personal growth, childhood friends, frustration, boring

Concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects

ex: (carrot, door, nose, water)

Abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

ex:science, progress, humility, religion, philosophy

Simile

A comparison of two unlike things using like or as

ex: your eyes are like diamonds

Metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. (no like or as)

ex: a. a pandemic is a marathon, not a sprint

Anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

ex: let there be books in the classrooms, let there be books in the libraries, and let there be books in the home

Epistrophe

the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences

ex: In a wreck? I'll be there, in school? I'll be there. At the mall? I'll be there

Alliteration

the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

ex: my days as a young youth

Assonance

Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity

ex: rocks and socks, chip and dip

Asyndeton

omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words

ex: peace, love, war

signal

a sound or an action that sends a message, and brings attention to what you say

ex: let me be clear

Analogy

A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way and explores similarities and differences between them

ex: life is like a of chocolates

anithesis

using opposing or contrasting ideas in parallel structure

ex: water can give new life just as it can take life

seperate a list

a. separates a list into distinct points that emphasize each point and make it easier to follow.

ex: from the living room to the kitchen, and from the living room to the bathroom

Resumptive modifier

repeats a word to add clarity to it

ex: he finally scored a basket, a basket that would change his life forever

Manuscript speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

uses of a pause.

-End of thought units

-Dramatic impact on a statement

-Let an idea sink in

-Modulates rate and rhythm

pronounciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

dialect

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

volume

a. loudness or softness of a speaker's voice

pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

how does appearance affect perceptions

Gives a good first impression if you dress a half step up from your audience

what are the different uses of movement

-stepping to the side of room can be used when you move to a new point

-stepping forward can give importance to a point your saying (dramatic effect)

command gesture

signal authority over the audience, reign them back in (use on a receptive audience)

signpoint gesture

indicates transitions between points and indicate points as well

invite gestures

invite the audience to participate in a speech (use on an unreceptive audience)

authoritarian gesture

have erect posture, and speaker and are used to establish a sense of authority

invitation gesture

can convey openness, honesty, or welcomeness in a speaker to the audience

eye contact helps to_________.

-build connection

-convey confidence,

-show attentiveness

-foster trust

-enhance communication

-show honesty

what is the percentage of eye contact a speaker should have when presenting to an audience from the U.S.?

80-90% eye contact with audience

Know ways to answer questions.

-formulate answers to possible questions

-practice answer delivery

-I will look this up later and get back to you

-positive attitude

-listen carefully

-direct answers to the entire audience

-be honest

-stay on track

types of visual aids.

-objects and models

-photographs and drawings

-graphs

-line graphs

-pie graph

-bar graph

-charts

-videos

-the speaker's body

rules pertaining to formatting slides.

-high resolution images

-large easy to read text

-two fonts max per slide

-not a lot of text, mostly bullet points

-use color effectively

-play video at point you need it

how do you use movement with multiple slides

-move forward to emphasize a point and draw importance to it

-move to the side to transition from one point to another

-move in a small circle to address all the audience during a speech

what are the benefits and drawbacks with using PowerPoint or similar presentational software.

-don't let presentation technology dominate speech

-don't read everything from slides

-keep audience engaged

-draw attention away from you

-presents information in colorful and interesting way

the steps for toasting someone

-acknowledge the occasion

-acknowledge the person or people in a group

-elaborate on the goal or discuss the value(s) using a story or vivid examples

-offer best wishes or confidence in future success

the steps for receiving an award.

-acknowledge company who presented award

-thank the company for the award

-give a brief thank-you speech

-acknowledge people who helped you get an award

the steps for giving a eulogy

-acknowledge the person

-acknowledge the mood of the audience

-statement of love and respect

-themes with explanation of how the person exhibits each theme

-statement of how the person affected the lives of others

-appeal for the audience to emulate that person

the guidelines for a speech of introduction.

-introduction

-capture attention using rhetorical questions, a story, a quote, or humor

-provide your name

-convey your central idea

-body

-first aspect of personality

-examples

-second aspect of personality

-examples

-conclusion

-transition

-restate quality or trait you want the audience to know about yourself

-end with pleasantries

how to give a status report

-what am I working on? (purpose)

-where in process (present)

-covered so far (past)

• obstacles overcome

• achievements made

• people who helped

-future: next milestone / objective

-date of completion

recorded online speeches

a speech that is delivered, recorded, then uploaded to the internet

real-time online speech

a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered

Should online speeches be more formal or informal?

online speeches should be as polished and professional as in-person speeches

framing for real-time speeches

two to four feet from your webcam if you're too close it will look unprofessional, too far you will seem small and removed

Where should you make eye contact?

on the webcam

What colors should you avoid

white, green, and purple

What gestures are acceptable and not acceptable

-no erratic gestures

-large hand movements may look weird on camera

Presenting an award guidelines

I.               Organization/event bestowing the award

a.     The organization may or may not be real.

b.     The instructor will state the organization to provide a context.

II.              State the award

III.            State the importance of the award

IV.            State the criteria and selection process

V.             State the (three) nominees and their accomplishments

a.     First

b.     Second

c.     Third

VI.            State the winner’s name