FINAL APUSH PERIOD 3 (1754-1800)

French and Indian War

Began as struggle for control of the upper Ohio River Valley; a part of a wider contes b/w GB and France in Europe known as the Seven Years’ War

Albany Plan of Union (F&I War)

Promoted by Franklin to call for the formation of a Grand Council of elected delegates that would oversee a common defense vs. French and Native American threats to frontier settlement; failed b/c colonial assemblies didn’t want to give up their autonomy

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended French and Indian War, rendering GB triumphant and ending French power in North America

Impact on Native Americans

Pontiac’s Rebellion

Proclamation Line of 1783

Pontiac’s: uprising led by Chef Pontiac to expel unwanted Redcoats from Indian lands

Proclamation Line of 1763: prohibit colonization from settlements west of the Appalachians but was ignored

Turning points of French and Indian War

• Resulted in colonial pride

• Great debt for the British empire

• Financial crises caused GB to reevaluate heir colonial policies and insist that the colonies should begin to pay their fair share

Stamp Act Crises (1765-1766)

Passed to raise revenue to British troops stationed in America, requiring a payment for all stamps on newspapers, playing cards, and common documents

Reaction to Stamp Act

Outraged colonists that only their assemblies could raise taxes

British response that Parliament was based on virtual representation, which included the colonists

Rejected by Americans under “taxation without representation”

Stamp Act Congress (1765)—SUCCESS

First inter-colonial meeting since Albany Congress and drafted a petition to Parliament for a boycott against British goods

Caused Parliament to withdraw the Stamp Act

Stamp Act Connection

MLK and Montgomery Bus Boycotts

Townshend Crises (1767-1770)

Imposed import duties on everyday items such as paint, paper, and tea; wanted to use the raised revenues for military expenses to pay the salaries of officials

Colonial resistance resulted in Boston Massacre (1770)

Boston Massacre (1770)

Turning point in death of five colonists, demonstrating British violence against their own colonies but repeal of the Townshend Acts

Intolerable Acts (1773-1776)

1. Boston Tea Party (1773): patriots disguised as Indians threw 342 chests of tea into the harbor

   1. Coercive/Intolerable Acts passed to punish Boston for destruction of private propery

First Continental Congress

Response to the Intolerable Acts, calling for a complete boycott of British goods and urged colonies to organize militia for defense

Proclamation of 1763, Quartering Act of 1765, and Intolerable Acts

Passed to tighten control over colonists but rather increased their resistance and caused rise in American Republicanism

Common Sense (1776)

Pamphlet by Thomas Paine to persuade the colonists to declare independence from GB, rejecting compromise and emphasizing republicanism

Turning Point: Declaration of Independence

Created new American identity and transformed dispute over taxes into one for independence

Reasons for American victory

• GB underestimated American soldiers led by Washington

• French alliance via the Battle of Saratoga took GB by surprise

  • Americans fought for republican ideals

Treaty of Paris (1783)

Ended the war, recognizing American independence and sovereignty

Articles of Confederation

Constructed a unicameral legislature…many flaws with the new government that had little authority to fulfill responsibilities w/o any branches

Achievements of the Confederate Gov’t

Won Revolutionary War, negotiated Treaty of Paris

Established the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

established an orderly procedure for territories to become states and banned slavery; banned slavery from the Northwest Territory

Shay’s Rebellion

Causes: impoverished and frustrated farmers in MA demanded state legislature halt farm foreclosures, lower property taxes, print paper money, etc; led by Shay

Insurrection was poorly stopped

Consequences: frightened conservative leaders, fueled dissatisfaction w/ the Articles, and encouraged a stronger nat’l gov’t

Constitutional Convention (1787)

55 delegates came together to abandon the Articles and create a new government

The Great Compromise

Resolved dispute b/w Virginia and New Jersey

Created a bicameral/two-house Congress; House of Reps would he apportioned relative to state population, whereas each state had two seats in the Senate

Bill of Rights was part of Constitution in 1788?

False—added in 1791 as the first 10 amendments

The First Emancipation

Northern States had eliminated or were in the middle of eliminating slavery, becoming a distinctive Southern institution

Three-Fifths Compromise

Slaves were treated as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and representation, giving the South an enlarged vote in the House of Reps; later repealed by the 14th Amendment but Congress would not interfere with the slave trade until 1808

“Remember the Ladies”

Correspondence b/w Abigail Adams and her husband; underscored colonial women as second-class citizens and showed how women were aware of the discrepancy b/w men and women

Republican Motherhood

idea that stressed that the new American republic offered women the important role of raising their children to be virtuous and responsible citizens

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Marked the beginning of the Women’s Rights Movement

Antifederalists vs Federalists

A: opposed the Constitution; F: supported it

Key Antifederalist Arguments

• too strong central government

• Would not serve diverse interests

• Should remain a group of small sovereign states

• no Bill of Rights

Key Federalist Arguments

• Current gov’t lacked power to protect

• Fragmented political power would help curb threats

• Separation of powers and checks & balances

• Power shared b/w state and federal governments

Federalist Papers

Written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay to defend and explain the Constitution

Hamilton’s Financial Program

Proposals:

• Funding federal debt at face value and assume state debts from Revolution

• Adopt an excise tax on liquor to aid in national revenue

• Impose tariffs on imported goods

• Charter a national bank

Constitutionality of the National Bank

Should the constitution be interpreted strictly or loosely?

Jefferson: STRICT; Bank is unnecessary, although convenient

Hamilton: LOOSE; Bank would help carry out powers

• Set a precedent for expansion of federal power

Jay’s Treaty

Causes:

• Strained relations b/w GB and US over settlements, so Jay was sent by Washington to sort these claims out

Effects:

• Kept peace with Great Britain

• France became salty

• Played a significant role in the development of political parties…Hamilton’s Federalist and Jefferson’s Dem. Rep.

The First Party Era

Federalists:

• Led by Hamilton and Adams, w/ support from NE and eastern port cities

• Favored a strong central gov’t and loose interpretation of Constitution

Democratic Republicans:

• Led by Jefferson and Madison w/ support from South

• Favored a weak central gov’t and a strict interpretation of the Constitution

Washington’s Farewell Address

advised against parties and alliances w/ foreign countries (isolationism)

Quasi-War with France

Resentful French against Jay’s Treaty…French retaliated saying they’d no longer honor the neutrality of American ships

Alien and Sedition Acts

By Federalists to take advantage of anti-French furor intended to punish the Dem. Reps

• Naturalization Act: raised residency requirement for US citizenship from 5 to 14 years

• Alien Acts allowed President to deport dangerous aliens

• Sedition Act made negative comments illegal

Kentucky and Virginia Resolution

In response to unchecked Federalist power; Jefferson and Madison denounced Alien and Sedition Acts, advancing a states’ rights doctrine asserting that the states had the ability to nullify federal las