Biology 2401 Exam 3 Review

Identify the type of neuron that would activate a muscle

Multipolar Neurons

Nerve impulses sent to slow the heart’s rate of contraction are stimulated by the

Parasympathetic nervous system division

Nerve impulses carrying information to the brain about cool temperatures on the skin are part of the

sensory (afferent) division

An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is described by

short distance depolarization.

Endorphins are neurotransmitters that

inhibit pain and are mimicked by heroin, morphine, and methadone

The interior surface of a resting neurons plasma membrane potential will have

a negative charge and contain less sodium than the outside of the cell.

A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until

the membrane potential has been reestablished.

Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to

electrical potential changes

All of the following are true about graded potentials

o   Called postsynaptic potentials

o   Can form on receptor endings

o   Short-lived

When an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is generated on the dendritic membrane

a single type of channel will open, permitting flow of sodium and potassium simultaneously

An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with hyperpolarization Immediately after

an action potential has peaked voltage gated potassium channels will open.

Schwann cells in the PNS are similar to

oligodendrocytes in the CNS

A synaptic cleft uses action potentials to transmit

a chemical signal to the post synaptic cell.

A neuron who primary job is to connect other neurons is called

an interneuron

The central nervous system includes

the brain and the spinal cord

All of the following are functions of the autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

o   Innervation of cardiac muscle

o   Innervation of smooth muscle in the digestive tract

o   Innervation of glands

Loss of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase would result in

inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft

Voltage-gated channels open in response to

a change in membrane potential and participate in generation and in conduction of action potentials

All of the following are characteristics of neurons:

o   High metabolic rate

o   Conduct impulses

o   Extreme longevity

The main switch station for memory is the ______, if the right and left areas are destroyed it will result in widespread amnesia

hippocampus

Memory exemplified by a racing heartbeat upon hearing a rattlesnake would be

emotional

The __ connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

infundibulum

Large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the

corpus callosum

The fourth ventricle is continuous with the

central canal of the spinal cord

Loss of the ability to perform skilled motor activities such as playing the piano, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles might suggest damage to the

premotor cortex

White matter is found in the:

o   Corpus callosum

o   Corticospinal tracts

Outer portion of the spinal cord

Injury to the spinal cord may result in

o   Sleep disturbances

o   Dehydration

o   Loss of body temperature control

Functions of the CSF include:

o   Nourishment of the brain

o   Reduction of brain weight

o   Protection from blows

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is

association

The part of the cortex involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality is the

prefrontal cortex

Broca’s area is considered a

motor speech area

Ridges on the surface of the cerebral hemisphere are called

gyri

A shallow grove on the surface of the cortex is called

a sulcus

Feeling a gentle caress on your arm involves the

lamellar corpuscles

__ refers to the conversion of stimulus energy into energy of a graded potential

Transduction

The reflex arc includes

receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neurons, effector

Pattern recognition allows

us to see a familiar face

Sympathetic nervous system is responsible for

fight or flight responses. (Increasing available glucose in the blood, increasing heart rate and pressure, and decreasing Gastrointestinal activity)

Every organ except the __ have some form of control by the autonomic nervous system.

skeletal muscles

The __ secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine which are used by the sympathetic nervous system to stimulate effector organs

adrenal medulla

The main nerve that the parasympathetic nervous system uses is

the vagus nerve

 preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system use

Ach and the post ganglionic fibers also release Ach

The sympathetic preganglionic fibers secrete __, but the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system secrete __ (Norepinephrine).

Ach, NE

The Motor nervous system depends on

Ach being released at the neuromuscular junction or the motor end-plate.