AP European History: War and Revolution Study Guide

Triple Alliance

A military alliance formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy before World War I.

Triple Entente

An alliance formed between France, Russia, and Great Britain before World War I.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military strategy for a two-front war against France and Russia, which involved invading France through Belgium.

Balkan 'Powder Keg'

A term used to describe the volatile political situation in the Balkans prior to World War I, where nationalist tensions could ignite conflict.

Total War

A war that requires the mobilization of all of a nation's resources, including civilian and military efforts, to achieve victory.

Battle of the Somme

A major battle of World War I fought between July and November 1916, known for its high casualties and trench warfare.

Lusitania

A British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, contributing to the U.S. entering World War I.

Battle of the Marne

A significant battle in September 1914 that resulted in the Allied victory and halted the German advance into France.

Battle of Verdun

One of the longest and costliest battles of World War I, fought from February to December 1916.

Submarine Warfare

A naval strategy employed by Germany during World War I, involving the use of U-boats to attack enemy shipping.

Armenian Genocide

The systematic extermination of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Trench Warfare

A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other, characteristic of World War I.

Moroccan Crisis

A diplomatic dispute between Germany and France over Morocco that heightened tensions leading up to World War I.

Balkan Nationalism

The desire of Balkan nations to assert their independence and territorial claims, contributing to tensions among great powers.

German Kaiser William II

The last German Emperor whose actions, including the First Moroccan Crisis, contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

Russian Republic

The government established in Russia after the moderate patriotic revolution in March 1917.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 1917 revolution led by Lenin that resulted in the overthrow of the provisional government and establishment of a communist regime.

Civil War in Russia

The conflict between the Bolshevik government and various anti-Bolshevik forces following the 1917 revolution.

Peace Settlement of Versailles

The treaty that ended World War I, which imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.

War Weariness

The growing discontent and fatigue among populations in all countries involved in World War I by 1916.

Nationalistic Propaganda

Information spread by governments to promote support for the war effort and boost national morale.

Moderate Patriotic Revolution

The revolution in Russia that led to the establishment of a republic in March 1917.

Social Changes during WWI

Major societal shifts, including increased roles for women in the workforce and changes in economic life due to war demands.

Total War

A national effort that involves soldiers and civilians to win.

Street Fighting

Engaging all citizens to fight against the enemy in urban areas.

Trench Warfare

A type of combat where opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.

Gallipoli

The 1915 battle where the British unsuccessfully tried to take the Dardanelles and Constantinople from the Ottoman Turks.

Walter Rathenau

A notable figure associated with the German Auxiliary Service Law.

German Auxiliary Service Law

A law enacted in Germany during World War I to mobilize resources for the war effort.

Henri-Philippe Petain

A French general who became a prominent leader during World War I.

Impact of War on Economy

The war significantly affected the economy and the cooperation of the population at home.

Organized Labor

The war had effects on the power of organized labor and the role of women in society.

Strain of War

Evidence of the war's toll on the home front in Russia, Austria, France, and Germany by 1916.

Government Intrusion

Governments intruded into daily lives by seizing property and organizing cooperatives.

Citizen Registration

Every citizen was required to register for service in combat or industry.

Production Goals

Governments set production goals and limited wages and prices to control the economy.

Work Projects

Created to limit unemployment during the war.

Women's Visibility

Women became more visible in society by moving into skilled industrial jobs.

February Revolution

A significant event in the Russian Revolution that occurred in March 1917.

Army Order #1

An order issued during the Russian Revolution that aimed to democratize the army.

Leon Trotsky

A key figure in the Russian Revolution and a leader of the Bolsheviks.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A treaty that ended Russia's involvement in World War I.

War Communism

An economic policy adopted by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.

Grigori Rasputin

A mystic and advisor to the Romanov family in Russia.

Alexander Kerensky

A key political figure during the Russian Revolution.

Vladimir Lenin

The leader of the Bolshevik Party and key figure in the Russian Revolution.

White Army vs Red Army

The opposing forces in the Russian Civil War.

Peace, Land, Bread

The slogan of the Bolsheviks that appealed to the needs of the Russian people.

Bolsheviks

A faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party that led the Russian Revolution.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations on Germany.

Fourteen Points

A statement of principles for peace used for peace negotiations to end World War I.

War Guilt Clause

A clause in the Treaty of Versailles that assigned blame for the war to Germany.

Balfour Declaration

A statement by the British government expressing support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Mustafa Kemal

A leader who played a significant role in the establishment of modern Turkey.

George Clemenceau

The French Prime Minister during World War I who played a key role in the Versailles peace conference.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A secret agreement between Britain and France that divided the Ottoman Empire's territories.

Secret agreement by Britain and France

A secret agreement by Britain and France to divide up former Ottoman territories

British agreement for Jewish homeland

The British agreement to support a national homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine

Paris agreement on Austria-Hungary

The agreement at Paris to divide up the empire of Austria-Hungary

British promise of Arab kingdom

The British promise of an Arab kingdom in the former Ottoman territories of the Middle East

Logical Empiricism

A philosophical approach that emphasizes the use of logic and empirical evidence in the formation of knowledge.

Existentialism

A philosophical movement that focuses on individual freedom, choice, and the search for meaning in a seemingly indifferent universe.

Nietzsche's revolt against progress

Nietzsche, along with Bergson and Sorel, began the revolt against the idea of progress and the general faith in the rational human mind.

Wittgenstein's contribution

Wittgenstein added to the belief in the limitations of language and reason, reinforcing skepticism towards rational thought.

Sartre's statement on freedom

Sartre's statement that 'man is condemned to be free' means that individuals must take responsibility for defining themselves.

Impact on Christian thought

The loss of faith in reason and progress led to significant changes in twentieth-century Christian thought.

Quanta

Quanta are discrete quantities of energy that have implications for the definition of matter and energy in physics.

Id, ego, and superego

The id, ego, and superego are three parts of the human psyche defined by Freud, representing instinctual drives, reality, and moral conscience, respectively.

Bauhaus

A school of design that emerged in the early 20th century, emphasizing functionalism and simplicity in architecture and design.

Dadaism

An art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, characterized by a strong negative and destructive element, often questioning the very nature of art.

Franz Kafka

A German-speaking Bohemian writer known for his surreal and existential works, including 'The Metamorphosis' and 'The Trial'.

Modern Girl

A cultural icon of the 1920s representing the new, liberated woman who embraced modernity and consumer culture.

Triumph of the Will

A propaganda film directed by Leni Riefenstahl, showcasing the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg.

John Maynard Keynes

A British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments.

German 'National Socialist Revolution'

The political movement led by the Nazi Party in Germany that aimed to establish a totalitarian regime based on fascist principles.

Gustav Stresemann

A German statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Minister during the Weimar Republic, known for his efforts to stabilize Germany's economy and improve relations with other countries.

Dawes Plan

A 1924 plan to resolve the reparations issue following World War I, which involved loans to Germany and a restructuring of its payment schedule.

Raymond Poincare

A French statesman who served as Prime Minister and played a significant role in post-World War I politics, particularly in relation to Germany.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An international agreement signed in 1928 that condemned war as a means of resolving disputes and aimed to promote peaceful conflict resolution.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s, characterized by high unemployment and widespread poverty.

NRA/WPA

The National Recovery Administration and the Works Progress Administration, both New Deal agencies aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.

Popular Front

A coalition of leftist political groups in France that came together in the 1930s to combat the rise of fascism and promote social reforms.