Bio Unit 1 - part 2 (macromolecules)

organic chemistry

study of carbon compounds

functional groups

participate in chemical reactions

what are functional groups, why do functional groups tend to be hydrophilic

they are groups of atoms that give molecules specific chemical properties, they also participate in chemical reaction; they tend to be hydrophilic because they contain charged/polar atoms that interact in water

Why all major biomolecules are considered "organic" (carbon-based)

because all 4 major biomolecules, carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, contains carbon as a part of their structure

What "tetravalence" means and why it matters for carbon

tetravalence means carbon forms 4 covalent bonds, this is important because its the reason carbon can form those long chains and have a stable molecules

monomer and polymer for carbs

monosaccharide, polysaccharide

monomer for proteins

amino acids

polymer for proteins

polypeptides

monomer and polymer for lipids

do not have polymers because do not have true monomers; are made up of glycerol and fatty acids

nucleic acids monomer/polymer

nucleotides, polynucleotide

hydrolysis

water is being added to the reaction to break polymer into smaller monomers

dehydration synthesis

water is removed from the reaction to combine smaller monomers into a larger molecule/polymer

elements found in carbohydrates

CHO

elements found in lipids

CH(O)

Elements found in proteins

CHON

elements found in nucleic acids

CHONP

function of carbohydrates

short term energy storage, quick energy, structural support; cellulose found in plant cell walls

function of lipids

long term energy storage, hormones, cushions/protects organs

proteins function

enzymes speed up reactions, transport - allows for substances to move through the body, signaling and receptors allows to recognize signals, communicate and respond to cells, structural support - structure in hair, nails, face

nucleic acids function

transport genetic information (dna, rna), provides energy for cellular reactions (atp)

example of carbs

starch, glycogen, glucose, fructose, sucrose

example of lipid

phospholipid, cholesterol, steroid hormone

example of protein

enzyme, hemoglobin, keratin, collagen, antibodies

example of nucleic acids

dna, rna, atp

monosaccharide

one sugar molecule

disaccharide

2 monosaccharides joined together

polysaccharide

many monosaccharides joined together

example of monosaccharide

glucose, fructose

example of disaccharide

sucrose, lactose

example of polysaccharide

glycogen, starch

are polysaccharides used for more storage or structure

polysaccharides are used for more storage because they can hold more glucose since they are made up of many joined monosaccharides

why are lipids hydrophobic