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haploid

a cell with one set of chromosomes

diploid

a cell with 2 sets of chromosomes

growth factor

signaling proteins that trigger cell division

rubisco

enzyme responsible for photosynthetic and chemoautotrophic carbon fixation and oxygen metabolism

endosymbiotic theory

Some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear.

fermentation

a type of redox metabolism carried out in the absence of oxygen

lactic acid fermentation products

lactic acid

alcohol fermentation products

ethanol and CO2

when in cellular respiration does fermentation occur?

follows glycolysis in the absence of oxygen

endocytosis

a specialized form of transport by which very large molecules and insoluble materials are engulfed by invagination of the cell membrane forming intracellular vesicles

pinocytosis

a process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules

exocytosis

the process by which cells excrete waste and other large molecules from the cytoplasm to the cell exterior

phagocytosis

the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle

receptor-mediated endocytosis

a form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule

entropy

the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work

enthalpy

the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed

2nd law of thermodynamics

every energy transfer that takes place will increase the entropy of the universe and reduce the amount of usable energy available to do work

kinase

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule

ligand-gated ion channel

integral membrane proteins that contain a pore which allows the regulated flow of selected ions across the plasma membrane

what type of macromolecule is cholesterol?

lipid

saturated fatty acid

made up of a carbon chain with no double bonds

unsaturated fatty acid

have one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

glycolysis

metabolic pathway converting glucose into pyruvate

pyruvate

a three-carbon acid that is naturally formed during glycolysis

oxidative phosphorylation

made up of two closely connected components: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

chemiosmosis

the movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane via ATP synthase

deletion

occurs when a fragment of a chromosome is lost, resulting in a chromosome that is missing some of its genes

duplication

occurs if the deleted fragment becomes attached to the sister chromatid while meiosis is progressing

inversion

occurs if the deleted fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in reverse orientation

translocation

occurs if the deleted fragment reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

reciprocal translocation

occurs if 2 segments of nonhomologous chromosomes switch places

chromosomal nondisjunction

separation of chromosomes doesn’t occur properly, the result is gametes with duplicate or missing chromosomes

aneuploidy

an abnormal gamete joins with a normal one at fertilization, resulting in the offspring having an abnormal number of a particular chromosome

polyploidy

having an entire extra set of chromosomes