4. European Union and Brexit

What is the European Union (EU)?

A political and economic union promoting trade, free movement, and cooperation among member states.

What is the European Parliament?

Elected representatives (MEPs) who pass EU laws alongside the Council.

What is the European Council?

Leaders of EU countries who set strategy and policy priorities.

What is the European Commission?

Drafts proposals for new EU laws and manages day-to-day operations.

What is the Court of Justice of the EU?

Ensures all member states follow EU law and uphold fundamental rights.

What is Article 50?

Legal mechanism for a country to leave the EU.

When did the UK join the EU?

1973; six founding members were France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

What is free movement in the EU?

Movement of goods, services, capital, and workers across member states without visas.

Give an example of free movement.

UK citizens could live and work in France, Germany, or Spain without visas.

Are EU laws binding?

Yes, but they can be challenged in the EU Court of Justice.

When was the Brexit referendum held?

23 June 2016, turnout 71.8%.

What was the result of the Brexit referendum?

Leave 51.9%, Remain 48.1%.

Why was the Brexit referendum held?

To decide whether the UK should exit the EU, after pressure on PM David Cameron.

Give arguments for remaining in the EU.

Access to a 500 million person market, EU laws promote environmental/social responsibility, economic stability through collective decision-making.

Give arguments for leaving the EU.

Sovereignty (make laws independently), control immigration/borders, reduce financial contributions to the EU budget.

What were political impacts of Brexit?

Divided citizens, strained political relations, ongoing uncertainty over trade, migration, and economic policy.

What is the Northern Ireland Protocol?

Agreement to prevent a hard border with Ireland after Brexit.