Studied by 20 people
Combination of all Psych 10 sets from 1-5.
What is psychology?
The scientific study of mind and behavior
Structuralism:
Broke down mental process into basic elements
Used introspection techniques to observe and report mental states and processes
how the mind was structured
structuralism limitations:
experience is subjective
difficult to access subconscious aspects of cognition
Introspection:
Examining their own mental and emotional processes
associated with structuralism
Structuralism key member(s):
Wihelm Wundt
Edward Titchener
Functionalism:
Study of the purpose and functions of behaviors and mental processes
Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution
What the mind does
What was Functionalism influenced by?
Darwin’s theory of Evolution
Functionalism key member(s):
William James
Behaviorialism:
Focused on studying only observable behavior
rejected introspection
Behavioralism key member(s):
John B. Watson
Ivan Pavlov
B.F. Skinner
Cognitive Psychology:
Mental processes play just as big of a role in human psychology as observable behaviors
contradicted behavioralism
What did Cognitive psychology reject?
Behavioralism
What did behavioralism reject?
Introspection
Cross-cultural psychology:
Thought that culture impacts individuals’ behavior and mental processes
Differences and similarities in different ethnic groups
example: Taiwanese and American participants
Psychoanalytic theory:
Explained how behavior and personality are influenced by unconscious processes
Psychoanalytic theory key member(s):
Sigmund Freud
What theory would the iceberg analogy best be associated with?
Psychoanalytic theory
Who was Phineas Gage
Suffered severe damage to the brain
The rod crossed through his frontal lobe
important case occurred in 1848
Strong evidence for the localization of brain functions
Earliest record case of the brain affecting personality
Which one of Phineas’s lobes did the rod cross through?
Frontal lobe
When did the Phineas Gage event take place?
1848
What does localization mean?
That specific areas of the brain are responsible for certain functions
What is behavior?
Observable actions
What are mental processes?
Experiences, perceptions, emotions, and thoughts
Hindsight bias
When you find out the answer and feel you knew the answer before it was revealed.
“knew it all along” affect
What makes a good theory?
Falsifiable
When findings support the hypothesis, confidence in theory grows
What happens to a theory when findings support the hypothesis?
Confidence in the theory grows
What makes a good hypothesis?
It’s specific and testable
How can we make a hypothesis more testable?
Operationalizing
What is operationalizing?
Using specific details in your variables such as using units
HOW will you measure your variables?
This does NOT mean to convert units that already exist!
Steps in scientific investigation
formulate a testable hypothesis
select the research method and design the study
-experimental verses correlational
collect data
analyze the data and draw conclusions
report the findings
Correlation method
Measures how closely 2 factors vary
How well you can predict a change in one factor from observing a change in another factor
Ranges from -1 to 1
What happens to the variables in positive correlations?
They either increase together or decrease together
What happens to the variables in negative correlations?
One variable decreases while the other increases
What happens to the variables in zero correlations?
The variables are not predictably related to each other.
Limitation of correlation
Correlation cannot infer causation
Why can’t correlation infer causation?
There are issues with directionality and potential third variables
What are the benefits of correlational studies?
They are usually more ethical
You can establish relationships by making predictions
—Can inspire experiments
What is Alburt Bandura’s social learning theory?
People learn from another through observation, imitation, and modeling.
ie, aggression
Experimental method:
The investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in the second variable as a result
Independent variable:
The factor that is manipulated
Dependent variable
The factor that is measured and is expected to change as the independent variable changes.
Confounding variables:
An outside variable not taken into account that causes a result and interferes with causation.
What is a third variable
A third variable is a variable not considered in a correlational design that could interfere with the outcome or second variable.
Control group:
A sample that remains unaffected throughout the experiment to compare with the experimental group’s results.
Is compared against the dependent variables
Placebo Effect:
People’s expectations influence or determine their experiences in a given situation due to “special treatment”.
Population:
Everyone in the group that the experiment or is interested in.
Sample:
A subset of a population
Random assignment:
Assigns participants randomly to experimental conditions
Why do we do random assignment?
It increases the likelihood that characteristics will be equally distributed across the groups.
Convenience sampling:
The sample consists of people who are conveniently available for a study
Drawbacks of experimental designs:
May be impractical or unethical to address certain research questions
—like drinking’s affect on driving
highly controlled lab settings make it hard to generalize findings to real world situations
—Such affect from highly controlled setting might not happen in real life under different conditions
Benefits of experimental designs:
IT CAN INFER CAUSATION
Demand characteristics:
Participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation.
Experimenter Bias:
The experimenter’s expectations influence the outcome of the study
—They might “see” what they want to “see”
Quasi-Experimental Design
Similar to experimental research but there are no random assignments to conditions
IV exists, but there is no direct manipulation
What’s the difference between Quasi-Experimental designs and Experimental Designs?
There are no random assignments to conditions, it relies on group membership.
ie, the Taiwanese vs. American example
What research method is the best (or most commonly used)?
Converging operations
Converging Operations:
A strategy where a variety of research techniques are used to investigate or converge upon a particular research result
What are the three main divisions of the Brain?
Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain
What are the main components of the midbrain?
Tectum and tegmentum
What is the Tectum responsible for?
Auditory and visual reflexes (stimuli)
What is the tegmentum responsible for?
Multisynaptic network of neurons involved in many unconscious homeostatic reflex pathways.
What are the main components of the hindbrain?
The cerebellum, Medulla, Reticular Formation, and Pons
What is the cerebellem responsible for?
Find motor skills
What is the medulla responsible for?
Coordinating heart rate, circulation, and respiration
What is the reticular formation responsible for?
Regulating sleep, wakefulness, and arousal
What are the pons responsible for?
Relaying information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain.
What are the main components of the forebrain?
Hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
regulating the four Fs, fighting fleeting, feeding, and mating
What is the amygdala responsible for?
Emotional processing
What is the hippocampus responsible for?
Creating and integrating new memories
What is the thalamus responsible for?
Relaying sensory and motor skills
Who is patient H.M.
He had too many seizures so doctors removed parts of his brain, including the hippocampus. As a result, he couldn’t form new memories but remembered the old ones.
What are the two types of amnesia?
Retrograde and anterograde
Anterograde Amnesia
The incapacity to form new memories
Retrograde Amnesia
The incapacity to remember the old memories before the onset of amnesia
What are the four lobes of the brain?
Temporal, occipital, parietal, and frontal
Where is the temporal lobe located?
Near the ears
Where is the frontal lobe located?
In the front
Where is the occipital lobe located?
In the back
Where is the parietal lobe located?
On the top between occipital and frontal lobe
What is the frontal lobe mainly responsible for?
Motor control, problem-solving, and speech production
What is the temporal lobe mainly responsible for?
Processing auditory information and language comprehension
What is the parietal lobe mainly responsible for?
Touch and perception
What is Broca’s Aphasia?
It’s involved in speech production, and damage to it disrupts speech but leaves speech comprehension in tact.
What causes Broca’s aphasia?
Strokes, brain tumors, injuries to the brain, and brain infections
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
It’s involved in speech comprehension and with it, speech is fluent, but speech comprehension is impaired.
What causes Wernicke’s aphasia?
Head trauma, tumors, infections, and neurological disorders
What side of the brain does the right hemisphere control?
The left side
What side of the brain does the left hemisphere control?
The right side
What is contralateral organization?
Where the left side of the brain controls the right side and vise versa.
The two hemispheres are connected through what?
The corpus callosum
What happens if the corpus callosum is severed?
The two hemispheres work independently
What do you call patients with severed corpus callosums?
Split brain patients
On the left side there is a coat, on the right side there is a cake, what would happen if you asked the split-brained patient what they see?
They would say cake
On the left side there is a coat, on the right side there is a cake, what would happen if you asked the split-brained patient to draw with their LEFT hand?
They would draw the coat
On the left side there is a coat, on the right side there is a cake, what would happen if you asked the split-brained patient to draw with their RIGHT hand?
They would draw the cake
Wernicke’s area is located on what side of the brain?
The left side
Broca’s area is located on what side of the brain?
The left side
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