US history

What was the event that started the protests in Tunisia that spread throughout the Arab world in 2010?

The self-immolation of a street vendor

The momentum for democratization in the Middle East sustained itself long after the Arab Spring of 2010.

False

On what grounds does the author take issue with Huntington's "clash of civilizations" paradigm for understanding tensions/conflict between the Islamic world and the West?

• Huntington fails to take into account the diversity of the Islamic world

• "Cultures" are not so discrete as Huntington would suggest

• Huntington's paradigm rests on the ahistorical premise that cultures are static

• All of the above

Which statement more accurately reflects the author's view?

• The Middle East is an integral region in world history and its development must always be understood in how it interacted with other cultures and responded to global developments.

• The Middle East is an exceptional and unique region that must be understood on its own terms first and only then should one consider the impact of larger global forces in shaping the region.

According to the author, what two important characteristics distinguish modern history?

A world economy and a system of nation states

Which of the following was not one of the three major events that shaped the early modern period?

The Protestant Reformation

The Italian Renaissance

The rise of large empires in the Middle East and surrounding regions

The Commercial Revolution

Traditionally, which of the two has been more concerned with controlling many facets of life and thought of their subjects?

Nation states

What was the state religion of the Sassanid Empire

Zorastrianism

All but one of the following became an important issue in the early Islamic period after Muhammad's death. Which one was not important?

Issues of succession

The efforts of Christians to retake the Holy Land.

Splits within the Islamic community

The fact that Arab conquerers were small in proportion to those they conquered

What is the world's most populous Muslim state?

Indonesia

After the initial destruction, what was one important longer-term impact of the Mongol invasions?

Stronger linkages with both Europe and China

Which group came to rule over Egypt?

The Mamluks

Why do tribal peoples usually have a difficult time holding an empire?

Tribal peoples usually are illiterate

Tribal peoples are fractious

Tribal peoples are often viewed as having an inferior civilization than those which they conquer

All of the above

Which tribal group succeeded in establishing a stable and long-lasting empire?

The Ottomans

What best describes what the author characterizes the "military-patronage" state?

These states combined dynastic law with local custom

A state when nearly all resources belong to the military

A government system where the leader would rely on subleaders for local governance

All of the above

What technology made military-patronage states more stable?

Gunpower

What best characterizes the changing roles of the Shahs and Sultans over time for the Safavids and Ottomans respectively?

These leaders became less military leaders and became more important in their ceremonial roles at the center of the bureaucracy

Who were the janissaries?

Kidnapped boys from Southeastern Europe who came to occupy high positions in the Ottoman bureaucracy and military

Which of the following is true about the role of religion in both the Safavid and Ottoman Empires?

Islam was an important source of legitimation for the ruling dynasties

Islam was practiced by most of the two empires' subjects but was not particularly important in how the empires legitimated their rule

Islam gradually waned in importance was the two empires became more secular

What was a common problem experienced by imperial governments in the Early Modern world?

The inability to maintain authority within their territories

Which of the following were central causes for the "crisis of the 17th century?"

Inflation/price revolution and the challenges of using charisma to legitimate rule

Which of the following was a reason for rampant inflation during the 17th century?

Debasement of currencies

Uncontrolled government spending

The Spanish conquest of the New World

All of the above

Which of the following is true about the "modern world system?"

Its influence spread by brining outlying districts into a single economic structure

What was the event that integrated the economy of the Ottoman Empire into the world economy?

The Industrial Revolution

Which of the following is not among the things associated with "modernity?"

Science

Tradition

Secularism

Freedom

What was the biggest problem with defensive developmentalism?

It made the Ottomans too economically dependent on European states

Mehmet Ali further integrated the Egyptian economy with the global economy

True

False

What European country came to exert de facto control over Egypt?

Great Britain

What country started to exert a large amount of influence over Tunisia?

France

Which of the following presented a challenge to reform of the Ottoman Empire?

The diversity of its land

The Diversity of its peoples

Resistance to its policies

All of the above

The establishment of equal rights for all religious groups strengthened the cohesion of the Ottoman Empire?

True

False

Which statement reflects the impact of imperialism on Persia?

Imperialism did not foster the development of institutions and infrastructure in Persia

What statement best reflects the nature of Qajar rule over Persia?

Minimalist

According to the text, what was the most lasting legacy of defensive developmentalist efforts in the Middle East?

Spreading the principles of the modern state and state system to the region

What is the difference between "formal" and "informal" empire?

Formal empires are gained through conquest whereas informal are through economic penetration

Which type of empire is more dependent on the collaboration of local elites?

Informal empire

What best characterizes French Algeria?

An unequal system between French settlers and native Algerians

Settled and developed extensively by the French

A colony with a well developed wine industry

All of the above

Who was the FLN?

The movement that sought to achieve Algerian independence

What best characterizes the means by which the British came to assert significant influence in Egypt?

Egypt's indebtedness

Military presence

Control over the Suez Canal

All of the above

Which of the following was not one of the results of Britain's influence over Egypt

The impoverishment of the peasants

Dramatic increases in education spending

Expanding the amount of acreage for cotton cultivation

Significant development of railroads

Why did European states start intervening in the internal politics of Mount Lebanon?

To put an end to sectarian religious conflict

What was the "National Pact" that formed in Lebanon in 1943?

A power sharing agreement between Lebanese Christians and Muslims

To what did many attribute the Islamic world's falling behind of Europe?

The abandonment of the original teachings and doctrines of Islam

What best characterizes the Sufi approach to religion?

Mystical

Why did the Young Ottomans believe that the reforms of the Tanzimat fail?

They were implemented with too much repression

They depended too much on popular support

They were top-down in approach and did not involve the population

They relied too much on borrowing from the West

Both C and D

Which best reflects the belief of positivism?

Societies, like biological species, move through stages

What is the only state in the Middle East today that performs civil marriages?

Turkey

What did Abdulhamid emphasize in the ideology he promoted?

Ottoman/Islamic idenity

What were the two seemingly contradictory values that were reconciled by the ulama associated with al-Haqa'iq?

A commitment to progress and an emphasis on tradition

Why did Abdulhamid II initially break his promise to rule in accordance to the constitution?

The outbreak of war with Russia

Which of the following best describes the paradox regarding constitutional movements in the Middle East during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

The constitutional movements were taking place in societies with a predominant ideology that was resistant to any social/political change

These movements, in part, grew out of a response to imperialism but borrowed directly from the states most actively engaged in imperial expansion

What event gave much hope and inspiration to constitutionalists?

The Russo-Japanese War

Which of the following is not a reason that constitutionalist movements had a lasting impact on the Middle East?

The principle that individuals had the right to participate iin government.

It made the state a site a place of political contestation

The influence of missionaries from European nation

Which state/empire had the highest death per capita in World War I?

The Ottoman Empire

Which of the following was not one of the impacts that World War I had on the Middle East?

Egypt obtained complete independence from Great Britain