Reformation and Renaissance Study Guide

What are some factors that led to the decline of Feudalism?

People moving to cities, rise of national governments, nobles role in military decrease, peasants revolt, merchant class gains power, Crusades led to more contact with East

What was the War of the Roses? Who rose to power as a result?

Series of civil wars between the Houses of Lancaster (Red) and York (White) for the English Throne - Henry Tudor rose to power

What is a flagellant

A person who would publicly punish themselves to pay for their sins and believed the plague was a punishment from god

What is the accepted mortality rate of the Plague in Europe

A range from 25 to 45 % of the population

Who was blamed for the plague and why

Jews because they were rich, and many people owed them money. They targeted them so those in debt could avoid repaying them.

How did the plague change art?

Before the Plague, art focused on religion and royalty, after the plague art focused on death and injury

Summary of Joan Arc

She was a French peasant girl who said god told her to help France win the war. She led the French army until she was capture by enemies and put on trial for heresy/other charges. She was found guilty and burned at the stake, though she was later declared innocent, and became a saint

What does perspective mean in art?

A way of drawing / painting that makes things look 3D, realistic, and gives depth

Renaissance meaning

Rebirth

Humanism meaning

A way of thinking that focused on people and their abilities

Vernacular meaning

The local, everyday language people speak in a region

Secular meaning

separation from religion and influence 

Who invented the printing press

Johannes Gutenberg

Why is the printing press relevant to the Renaissance

It helped spread ideas faster and made books more available

Summarize the main ideas of Machiavelli

He believes rulers should use any means necessary to maintain control, effective rulers should be practical, and understanding human nature  

1st main quote of Machiavelli

“If one has to choose, it is better to be feared than loved”

2nd main quote of Machiavelli

“The end (results) justify the means (methods)”

Summarize the main ideas of Thomas More

He believed in no private wealth/possessions, all men and women work for better efficiency, class system is based off of intellectual potential from childhood

The main ideas of Rabelais

Books had potential to make the world better and most new books were trash, Renaissance was a positive cause it restored ancient learning, and poor women of the renaissance were more educated than wise men during pre-renaissance.

What were indulgences

documents issued by the church claiming they will shorten/lighten your time in purgatory 

Wha twas the 95 theses

Short statements written by Martin Luther about 95 ways the Catholic Church should change

What were Luther’s main beliefs?

stop selling indulgences, all church teachings should come from the bible so it is true, having faith should be enough to get you into heaven, priests can get married.

What was the Diet of Worms

A meeting held in the city of Worms where Luther was put on trial to publicly confess his teachings were wrong 

Who was Hus and Wycliffe

They came up with the idea that with direct salvation your relationship with god should be enough for your salvation - Hus was burned at stake - Wycliffe was banned from church 

What was The Edict of Worms

The order issued by Emperor Charles V that outlawed Luther in the Holy Roman Empire

Who did Luther support during peasant revolt and why

He supported the lords because they were called by God to keep peace, and it was their duty to stop revolts.

What were Anabaptists main beliefs?

they refused to hold political office/bare arms, adult baptism, all believers are equal ,and following teachings of Early Christianity

What were some secular reasons that some German princes supported the Reformation?

To increase their power, to take advantage of church land and money, political advantage in the divided empire, and the dislike of papal control

Who was Zwingli

He brought protestantism to Switzerland but was defeated by catholics 

Who was Calvin

He replaced Zwingli as the leader and made the Calvinism religion 

What was predestination

the main belief of calvinism - god had predetermined who would be saved and dammed 

Who was King Henry VII

The English King who broke away from the Catholic Church and created the Church of England that allowed him to divorce

What was counter - reformation

The Catholic Churchs effort to keep people from turning Protestantism by promoting loyalty to the pope, obedience to the church, and using education to spread Catholicism

What was the Council of Trent

A meeting where they banned the sale of indulgence, but reaffirmed most doctrines

Who was Ignatius Loyola

A Spanish noble who founded the Society of Jews 

What are some of the things Alberti says a good painting needs?

Proportion and comparison, realistic detail, consistency, variety, color, light

What are some of the things that should be avoided in a painting

Inconsistency, objects out of place, overcrowding