CELL 220 Lecture Exam 1

Example of a chemical level

oxygen atoms

examples of a cellular level

smooth muscle cell

Example of a tissue level

smooth muscle tissue

example of an organ level

urinary bladder

example of an organ system

urinary system

example of an organism

human

What are the 3 organs in the integumentary system

hair

skin

nails

What are the 3 organs in the skeletal system

cartilage

bone

joints

What are the 2 organs in the muscular system?

skeletal muscles

tendons

What are the 3 organs in the nervous system?

brain

spinal cord

nerves

What are the 6 organs in the endocrine system?

pituitary gland

thyroid gland

pancreas

adrenal glands

testes/ovaries

What are the 2 organs in the cardiovascular system?

heart

blood vessels

What are the 4 organs in the lymphatic system?

thymus

lymph nodes

spleen

lymphatic vessels

What are the 3 organs in the respiratory system?

nasal sinus

trachea

lungs

What are the 4 organs in the digestive system?

intestines

stomach

liver

gall bladder

What are the 2 organs in the urinary system?

kidneys

urinary bladder

What are the 2 organs in the male reproductive system?

epididymis

testes

What are the 3 organs in the female reproductive system?

ovaries

mammary glands

uterus

What are the organs in the right upper quadrant?

liver

gall bladder

What are the organs in the left upper quadrant?

stomach

spleen

What are the organs in the left lower quadrant?

appendix

What are the 4 tissue membranes?

serous

mucous

cutaneous

synovial

Where is mucous membrane found?

digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems

Where are synovial membranes found?

Synovial joints — fluids

Where are cutaneous membranes found?

the skin

Where are serous membranes found?

lines body cavities — pericardium, pleural, and peritoneal

What is the outside layer of the serious membrane called?

Parietal layer

What is the inside layer of the serous membrane called?

visceral membrane

What is the deepest part of the serous membrane called?

Pericardial cavity

What is the first step of the pre-embryonic period?

ovulation

What is the process from zygote to morula called?

Cleavage

What are the two kinds of trophoblast?

Cytotrophoblasts

Syncytotrophoblast

What does the trophoblast help form?

the placenta

What are the two parts of the bilaminar disc called?

epiblast

hypoblast

What does the epiblast eventually form?

the amnion

What does the hypoblast eventually form?

the yolk sac

What does the amnion eventually become?

the embryo

What occurs during gastrulation?

the formation of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

What does the ectoderm eventually become?

the skin and the nervous system

What does the mesoderm eventually become?

muscles/skeleton

kidneys

heart

What does the endoderm eventually become?

digestive system

respiratory system

What process follows after gastrulation and body folding?

Organ development

What system have formed by week 8?

Rudimentary organ systems

What are the four tissue types?

connective

epithelial

muscle

nervous

Where is nervous tissue found?

brain

nerves

spinal cord

Where is muscle tissue found?

smooth muscle

cardiac muscle

skeletal muscle

Where is connective tissue found?

fat

bones

tendons

Where is epithelial tissue found?

skin

organs

Is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular?

Avascular

What are the layers of epithelium starting superficial?

apical layer

epithelial tissue

basal surface

basement membrane

connective tissue

What do tight junctions do?

keep things out between the cells

What do gap junctions do?

let things in/out of cells

What do desmosomes do?

cell to cell connection

keratin

What do hemidesmosomes do?

cell to basement membrane

What do adherents do?

cell to cell

actin

Where is simple squamous found?

airways

blood vessels

Where is simple cuboidal found?

kidneys

glands

Where is simple columnar found?

stomach (non-ciliated)

uterine tubes (ciliated)

Where is pseudostratified columnar found?

respiratory tract

Where is stratified squamous found?

the skin

any openings (mouth, anus)

Where is transitional epithelium found?

uterine bladder

What is the difference in the 2 gland types?

Exocrine has ducts, found on skin

Endocrine does not, found IN body like thyroid gland

What is apocrine secretion?

A part is pinched off

What is mesocrine secretion?

The cell stays whole, small amount comes out top

What is holocrine secretion?

The whole cell splits apart

What is connective tissue made up of?

protein fibers in extracellular matrix

What are the 3 kinds of connective tissue?

Connective tissue proper

Supportive connective tissue

Fluid connective tissue

What is the 2 kinds of connective tissue proper?

loose connective tissue

dense connective

What are the three kinds of loose connective tissue?

areolar

adipose

reticular

What are the three kinds of dense connective tissue?

Regular

Irregular

Elastic

What is adipose tissue made up of?

Adipocytes

Where is adipose found?

surrounds organs

subcutaneous tissue

What is areolar made up of?

Fibroblasts

collagen fibers

elastic fibers

ground subtance

Where is areolar tissue found?

skin

What is reticular tissue made up of?

WBC

fibroblasts

reticular fibers

Where is reticular tissue found?

lymph nodes

spleen

bone marrow

What makes up dense regular tissue?

parallel collagen fibers

What makes up dense irregular tissue?

randomly placed collagen fibers

Where is dense regular tissue found?

tendons and ligaments

Where is dense irregular tissue found?

the skin

What makes up dense elastic tissue?

elastic fibers

fibroblasts

Where is dense elastic tissue found?

arteries and airways

What are the two kinds of supportive tissue?

cartilage

bone

What are the three kinds of cartilage?

fibrocartilage

hyaline

elastic

Where is fibrocartilage found?

weight bearing

vertebral disc, hip bone, meniscus

Where is elastic cartilage found?

ears

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

nose

top of bones

What 2 things make up cartilage?

chondrocytes

semisolid extracellular matrix

What two things make up bone?

solid extracellular matrix

osteocytes

What are the two kinds of fluid connective tissue?

blood

lymph

What makes up blood?

white blood cells

red blood cells

platelets

What is scurvy?

vitamin C deficiency

lack of collagen fibers

What is marfran syndrome?

stretch marks

lack of elastic fibers

What is gangrene?

lack of blood circulation

How thick is the skin?

1.5-4 mm

How much skin is there? What is the surface area?

1.5-2 m²

What kind of tissue is epidermis?

keratinized stratified squamous

What are the layers of the skin, starting superficial?

stratum corneum

stratum lucidum

stratum granulosum

stratum spinosum

stratum basale

Where are epidermal dendritic cells found?

Stratum spinosum

What hue does hemoglobin give the skin?

pink hue