Cardiovascular System and Respiratory System

What is the double circulatory system?

Blood passes through the heart twice for each complete circuit of the body. The right-hand side of the heart collects deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs (to collect more oxygen). This is called pulmonary circulation. The left-hand side of the heart collects oxygenated blood from the heart and pumps it round the body. This is called systemic circulation.

Describe the path of a red blood cell as it leaves the left ventricle

Deoxygenated blood goes through the right atrium via the vena cava. This blood goes through to the tricuspid valve then to the right ventricle. It is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The blood gets oxygenated at the lungs and oxygenated blood is pumped through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium. It goes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. Pumped out of the left ventricle through aorta to the rest of the body.

What is heart rate?

The amount of times your heart beats per minute (bpm).

What is stroke volume?

The volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat (ml)

What is cardiac output (Q)

The volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

What are the 4 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

1. Transport and deliver oxygen, nutrients and hormone to body.

2. Remove waste products such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid.

3. Protection against disease and infection

4. Maintaining body temperature.

How to calculate cardiac output?

heart rate x stroke volume (HR x SQ)

What are the 3 different types of blood vessels in the body?

1. Arteries

2. Capillaries

3. Veins

What do arteries do?

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

What are capillaries + adaptation?

Found around muscles and organs and is one cell thick.

What do veins do?

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the body

What are features of the artery?

Thick muscle wall (ability to dilate and contract), carry oxygenated blood under high pressure, small lumen (help maintain high pressure)

What are features of capillaries?

They are only 1 cell thick to reduce diffusion distance in areas such as the alveoli. Allows gas diffusion.

What are features of the vein?

Being thinly walled, having large lumens, carry deoxygenated blood at low pressure, and valves to prevent backflow.

Describe the process of inhalation

External intercostal muscles contract moving ribs up and out. The diaphragm will contract and moves down. This increases chest volume and decreases air pressure. Which sucks air into lungs

Describe the process of exhalation

External intercostal muscles relax, moving ribs down and in, volume of thorax decreases, pressure in the lungs increases and air is forced out

What is breathing rate?

The amount of breaths per minute (avg of 12-15)

What is tidal volume?

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathing cycle.

What is minute ventilation?

The volume of gas inhaled and exhaled in a minute

How does gas exchange happen?

Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli in the lungs and takes place by diffusion. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration down a concentration gradient.

Explain redistribution of blood flow

The body redistributes the blood so that more of it goes towards the working muscles and less goes to the other body parts. This is caused by the vascular shunt mechanism. When muscles stop working, the blood distribution returns to its normal route.

What is cardiac hypertrophy

Is where the left ventricle wall gets larger or thicken as a result of exercise.