Anatomy & Physiology: Chapter 1

Anatomy

the structure of body parts (also called Morphology)

Physiology

the function of the body parts; what they do and how they do it

Movement

self initiated change in position

Responsiveness

Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them(irritability)

Growth

increase in body size

Reproduction

parents produce offspring / producing new individuals; sexual reproduction

Respiration

obtaining oxygen(O2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes; Waste product is CO2 & Water

Digestion

Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes; waste in solids

Absorption

passage of digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids; *most of this happens in the small intestine*

Circulation

movement of substances throughout the body

Assimilation

changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances

Excretion

removal of liquid waste- Ex. urine, crying(tears), sweating, breathing(water vapor)

Digestion v Assimilation

digestion happens first before assimilation

Metabolism

all the physical and chemical changes

Bodily Needs

1. Oxygen
2. Heat
3. Water
4. Food

Homeostasis

tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment. "sameness" 98.6 normal EX. The further away you are from ____ the closer you are to death. Shivering when cold creates heat. When you are hot you sweat to cool down(it needs to evaporate). Glucose/blood sugar levels need to be normal. Heart rate: 60-80 bpm(normal)

Atom

1st level of organization; Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

Molecule

2nd level of organization; water H2O, Glucose C6H12O6, Carbon Dioxide CO2

Cell

3rd level of organization; smallest living unit of life- Unicellular, multicellular; Eukaryotic cells & prokaryotic cells

Tissue Level

4th level of organization; 4 types- Muscle Tissue(bicep), Epithelial (covers/skin), Nervous tissue (brain), connective tissue(cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bones, veins, blood)

Organ Level

5th level of organization; small intestine, liver, kidney, pancreas

Organ System

6th level of organization; digestive system, circulatory system, nervous system, skeletal system, reproductive system

Organism

7th level of organization; organism or naked person

Integumentary System

Anatomy: skin or integument(hair & nails)
Physiology: protection from things like radiation; removes metabolic waste(sweat); maintains temperature

Skeletal System

Anatomy: Bones (206), Joints (femur, tarsal)
Physiology: support & protect vital organs; stores minerals, attachment for muscles; blood cell formation

Muscular System

Anatomy: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
Physiology: moves bones, maintains posture, supports skeleton, generates heat

Nervous System

Anatomy: brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs, neuron
Physiology: receives, interprets & responds to sensations to maintain homeostasis; monitors & controls body activities; electrical messenger

Endocrine System

Anatomy: endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal; pancreas; gonads, thymus
Physiology: Hormones, released by endocrine glands cause a particular change in the body; maintains long-term homeostasis; chemical messengers

Cardiovascular/Circulatory System

Anatomy: heart, blood, vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries
Physiology: transports substances throughout the body

Lymphatic System

Anatomy: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils
Physiology: provides immunological protection from foreign particles, removes excess fluid from tissues

Digestive System

Anatomy: mouth, salivary glands, stomach, liver
Physiology: Physically/chemically breaks down molecules to be small enough to be absorbed by your blood stream

Respiratory System

Anatomy: nose, pharynx, trachea, lungs
Physiology: provides for gas exchange of CO2 & O2 between the exterior & bloodstream, inhalation & exhalation

Excretory System

Urinary System
bladder, kidneys, ureter, urethra
to remove liquid metabolic waste from the body such as urea, water, and salt. Filters blood & creates urine as a waste product. Eliminates waste, regulates blood volume & blood pressure

Reproductive System

produces gametes(sperm & egg), includes vagina, penis, testes, ovaries, vas deferens, fallopian tubes, uterus. Also produces hormones such as estrogen & testosterone.

Axial Portion

head, neck, trunk (spinal cord)

Appendicular Portion

arms & legs (hand, foot, hips, shoulder blade)

Serous Membrane

two layered, covers cavity & organs

Parietal

outer layer (covers cavity)

Visceral

inner layer(lines the organs)

Serous Fluid

lubricating fluid

Pleura

lungs

Pericardium

heart

Peritoneum

organs(abdominopelvic region)

Sagittal Plane

views=
medial (inside)
lateral (outside)

Transverse Plane

views=
superior (top)
inferior (bottom)

Coronal Plane

views=
anterior (front)
posterior (back)

Anatomical Position

palms up, feet slightly apart

Proximal

closer to trunk (middle of body)

Distal

further away from trunk

Ipsilateral

same side

Contralateral

different or opposite sides