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Anatomy
the structure of body parts (also called Morphology)
Physiology
the function of the body parts; what they do and how they do it
Movement
self initiated change in position
Responsiveness
Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them(irritability)
Growth
increase in body size
Reproduction
parents produce offspring / producing new individuals; sexual reproduction
Respiration
obtaining oxygen(O2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes; Waste product is CO2 & Water
Digestion
Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes; waste in solids
Absorption
passage of digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids; most of this happens in the small intestine
Circulation
movement of substances throughout the body
Assimilation
changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances
Excretion
removal of liquid waste- Ex. urine, crying(tears), sweating, breathing(water vapor)
Digestion v Assimilation
digestion happens first before assimilation
Metabolism
all the physical and chemical changes
Bodily Needs
Oxygen
Heat
Water
Food
Homeostasis
tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced, internal environment. "sameness" 98.6 normal EX. The further away you are from ____ the closer you are to death. Shivering when cold creates heat. When you are hot you sweat to cool down(it needs to evaporate). Glucose/blood sugar levels need to be normal. Heart rate: 60-80 bpm(normal)
Atom
1st level of organization; Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
Molecule
2nd level of organization; water H2O, Glucose C6H12O6, Carbon Dioxide CO2
Cell
3rd level of organization; smallest living unit of life- Unicellular, multicellular; Eukaryotic cells & prokaryotic cells
Tissue Level
4th level of organization; 4 types- Muscle Tissue(bicep), Epithelial (covers/skin), Nervous tissue (brain), connective tissue(cartilage, tendons, ligaments, bones, veins, blood)
Organ Level
5th level of organization; small intestine, liver, kidney, pancreas
Organ System
6th level of organization; digestive system, circulatory system, nervous system, skeletal system, reproductive system
Organism
7th level of organization; organism or naked person
Integumentary System
Anatomy: skin or integument(hair & nails) Physiology: protection from things like radiation; removes metabolic waste(sweat); maintains temperature
Skeletal System
Anatomy: Bones (206), Joints (femur, tarsal) Physiology: support & protect vital organs; stores minerals, attachment for muscles; blood cell formation
Muscular System
Anatomy: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle Physiology: moves bones, maintains posture, supports skeleton, generates heat
Nervous System
Anatomy: brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs, neuron Physiology: receives, interprets & responds to sensations to maintain homeostasis; monitors & controls body activities; electrical messenger
Endocrine System
Anatomy: endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal; pancreas; gonads, thymus Physiology: Hormones, released by endocrine glands cause a particular change in the body; maintains long-term homeostasis; chemical messengers
Cardiovascular/Circulatory System
Anatomy: heart, blood, vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries Physiology: transports substances throughout the body
Lymphatic System
Anatomy: Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils Physiology: provides immunological protection from foreign particles, removes excess fluid from tissues
Digestive System
Anatomy: mouth, salivary glands, stomach, liver Physiology: Physically/chemically breaks down molecules to be small enough to be absorbed by your blood stream
Respiratory System
Anatomy: nose, pharynx, trachea, lungs Physiology: provides for gas exchange of CO2 & O2 between the exterior & bloodstream, inhalation & exhalation
Excretory System
Urinary System bladder, kidneys, ureter, urethra to remove liquid metabolic waste from the body such as urea, water, and salt. Filters blood & creates urine as a waste product. Eliminates waste, regulates blood volume & blood pressure
Reproductive System
produces gametes(sperm & egg), includes vagina, penis, testes, ovaries, vas deferens, fallopian tubes, uterus. Also produces hormones such as estrogen & testosterone.
Axial Portion
head, neck, trunk (spinal cord)
Appendicular Portion
arms & legs (hand, foot, hips, shoulder blade)
Serous Membrane
two layered, covers cavity & organs
Parietal
outer layer (covers cavity)
Visceral
inner layer(lines the organs)
Serous Fluid
lubricating fluid
Pleura
lungs
Pericardium
heart
Peritoneum
organs(abdominopelvic region)
Sagittal Plane
views= medial (inside) lateral (outside)
Transverse Plane
views= superior (top) inferior (bottom)
Coronal Plane
views= anterior (front) posterior (back)
Anatomical Position
palms up, feet slightly apart
Proximal
closer to trunk (middle of body)
Distal
further away from trunk
Ipsilateral
same side
Contralateral
different or opposite sides