Med Micro Exam 1

Heterotrophic

All fungi are

Basidiomycota

Most mushrooms are categorized within the group

A corn farmer in Indiana

Which of the following patients would be at greatest risk for coccidioidomycosis?

antifungal medications tend to have severe side effects.

Coccidioides infections are typically difficult to treat because

Saprobes

Fungi that decompose dead organic material are said to be

Myco

Which Greek pre-fix indicates fungi?

Typically reproduce sexually when environmental conditions are poor

Fungi

Hyphae, Mycelium

Molds are made up of _____ which, when grouped together are referred to as _____.

Septate

What word describes a hypha that is divided into small sections by crosswalls?

Chytridiomycota

Which fungal group possesses motile spores?

Food Source

Which characteristic is generally not used in the initial identification of a fungus?

False

Yeasts form hyphae while molds form pseudohyphae

 

populations of microorganisms normally found in or on body of healthy individual

Match description with the term : Normal flora

products (food) that contain live microorganism providing health benefits

Match description with the term : Probiotics

 

products that provide nutrients for probiotic microorganisms

Match description with the term : Prebiotics

products (medicine or drugs) that kill bacteria

Match description with the term : Bacteriocidal drug

products (medicine or drugs) that stop growth of bacteria

Match description with the term : Bacteriostatic drug

products (medicine or drugs) that kill or stop growth of fungi

What type of drug would kill yeast ?

broad spectrum antibiotic

A physician uses an antibiotic that kills not only the Streptococcus pyogenes that is causing strep throat, but also many different microbes of the normal flora of the gut. How can this antibiotic be described best ?

narrow spectrum antibiotic

A physician uses an antibiotic that kills only the Streptococcus pyogenes that is causing strep throat, but none of the different microbes of the normal flora of the gut. How can this antibiotic be described best ?

creating many products toxic to humans

What is NOT a benefit that the "normal flora" is providing to humans ?

stimulation of the immune system

Scenario: baby mice raised in sterile environments without microbes and normal flora develop autoimmune diseases. Identify the service of the normal flora, that was missing in these mice ?

E.coli

Normal flora. Which microbe would typically found in the digestive tract?

Lactobacillus

Normal flora. Which microbe would typically found in the urogenital tract?

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Normal flora. Which microbe would you typically find on the skin?

humans

Biologically, helminths are closest to

snails

Trematodes commonly spend part of their lifecycle in

drugs which are effective at killing worms are often dangerous to their human host.

Treatment of helminthic infections is often difficult because

spirillium

which of the following is not a group of parasitic worms?

O and P

Parasitic infections are often diagnosed as a result of a ______ test.

true

Parasitic worm infections may be identified without ever actually seeing the worm.

strongyloides

Which organism is a nematode?

final

Adult worms are found in the ___ host

intermediate

Tapeworms are generally named after their _____ host

tapeworms

Cestodes are —__

Acute Infection

What type of infection develops rapidly, causes symptoms, and is eliminated relatively quickly?

Chronic Infection

What type of infection persists for a long period of time with continuous production of pathogens?

Latent Infection

What type of infection remains dormant and can reactivate later?

Incubation period

What is the time between pathogen exposure and appearance of symptoms?

Illness period

During what stage are symptoms present and disease is at its peak?

Convalescence period

During what stage do symptoms decline and recovery occurs?

Latent infection

Which type of infection can disappear and later reactivate?

Acute pathogen

A patient becomes infected, develops symptoms, recovers, and clears the pathogen. What type of infection is this?

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic, and Viral

What are the three broad categories of pathogens?

Bacteria

Which pathogens are classified as prokaryotic?

Protozoa

Which eukaryotic pathogens are unicellular?

Fungi

Which eukaryotic pathogen group includes yeasts and molds?

Roundworms

What type of pathogen is a nematode?

Tapeworms

What type of pathogen is a cestode?

Flukes

What type of pathogen is a trematode?

Eukaryotic

Are protozoa prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Eukaryotic

Are fungi prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Viral

Is Coronaviridae a virus family or a bacterial group?

Viral

IS Reoviridae a virus family or bacterial group?

Broad-spectrum antibiotic

What type of antibiotic works against a broad range of bacteria, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms?

Narrow-spectrum antibiotic

What type of antibiotic works against a limited group of bacteria?

Bactericidal drug

What type of drug kills bacteria?

Bacteriostatic drug

What type of drug inhibits bacterial growth?

Bacteriostatic drugs rely more on host immunity

Which kind of antibacterial drug depends more heavily on the patient's immune system?

Antifungal drug

What type of drug treats fungal infections?

Antiviral drug

What type of drug treats viral infections?

Antiprotozoal drug

What type of drug treats protozoan infections?

Anti-nematode drug

What type of drug treats tapeworm infections?

Anti-trematode drug

What type of drug treats fluke infections?

False

True or False; All antibacterial drugs work by the same mechanism.

microorganisms routinely found on or in healthy individuals.

What is normal flora?

Resident flora

What type of flora inhabits body sites for extended periods?

Transient flora

What type of flora are temporary and eventually replaced?

Beneficial LIVE microorganisms that stimulate the growth of bacteria

What is a probiotic?

Substances that promote growth of beneficial microbes

What is a prebiotic?

Protection against pathogens

What is one major benefit of normal flora?

Immune system stimulation

What is another major benefit of normal flora?

Occupying binding sites

How can normal flora competitively exclude pathogens? 1.

Consuming available nutrients

How can normal flora competitively exclude pathogens?

Producing toxic compounds

How can normal flora competitively exclude pathogens?

Staphylococcus epidermidis

What organism is commonly found as normal flora on the skin?

E. coli

What organism is commonly found as normal flora in the GI tract/large intestine?

Lactobacillus

What organism is commonly found as normal flora in the female urogenital tract?

Cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, cell membrane integrity

What are the major categories of antibacterial drug targets?

inhibits cell wall synthesis

What is the target/mechanism of penicillin?

inhibits cell wall synthesis

What is the target/mechanism of bacitracin?

inhibits protein synthesis

What is the target/mechanism of tetracycline?

inhibits protein synthesis

What is the target/mechanism of neomycin?

disrupts cell membrane integrity

What is the target/mechanism of polymyxin B?

Viruses do not have cell walls

Why is penicillin ineffective against viruses?

Viruses do not have bacterial cell membranes

Why is polymyxin B ineffective against viruses?

Bacitracin, Neomycin, Polymyxin B

What are the three active ingredients in Neosporin?

Bacitracin

Which Neosporin ingredient inhibits cell wall synthesis?

Neomycin

Which Neosporin ingredient inhibits protein synthesis?

Polymyxin B

Which Neosporin ingredient disrupts cell membranes?

Azoles treat fungal infections

What type of pathogen do azole drugs treat?

Ergosterol

What membrane component is targeted by many antifungal drugs?

Azoles can interfere with metabolism of other drugs, including some antivirals

Why are drug interactions commonly associated with azoles?

Neuraminidase inhibitors block viral release

What step is blocked by neuraminidase inhibitors?

Nucleotide/nucleoside analogs block viral nucleic acid synthesis

What step is blocked by nucleotide or nucleoside analogs?

Acyclovir targets herpesviruses

What virus is targeted by acyclovir?

Truvada and Descovy are used for HIV prevention and treatment

What are Truvada and Descovy used for?

Viral entry

Name one general antiviral drug target.

Viral uncoating

Name one general antiviral drug target.

Viral nucleic acid synthesis

Name one general antiviral drug target.