Anatomy and physiology unit 1

Openstax guide

Anatomy

Study of body structure

Gross anatomy

Study of structures easily seen by the naked eye

Regional anatomy

How structures work together in a specific region of the body

Systemic anatomy

How structures work together in specific body systems

Physiology

Chemistry/physics of the body; how the structures of the body work together

Homeostasis

Maintenance of body’s internal balance

How was anatomy studied in the past?

Evaluating injuries and cadavers.

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy is the study of the body’s structures and physiology is the study of how those structures work together.

What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

Both areas of study need the other to be fully understood; they depend on one another

What is form and function? How are they related?

Form is the composition of a body structure. Function is how that structure operates. They are related because composition determines how a structure with function.

What are the six levels of organization in the body?

Chemical

cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

Cell

Smallest unit of living things

Tissue

Similar cells that work together

Organelle

Tiny structure that carries out functions in a cell; mini organs for the cell

Organ

Structure that has 2 or more tissues

Organ system

2 or more organs that work together to maintain bodily functions.

Organism

Being that can live independently and has cell structure

Function of integumentary system

Covers internal body structures senses input from environment

Function of nervous system

Controls body’s responses processes and detects sensory information.

Function of skeletal system

Supports the body and helps us move

Function of cardiovascular system

distributes nutrients and oxygen to cells throughout body maintains body temperature

Function of muscular system

Helps maintain body temperature and helps us move

Function of lymphatic system

Returns fluid back to blood defends against pathogens

Function of respiratory system

Gets rid of CO2

Gives oxygen to blood

Function of digestive system

Turns food into usable energy for cells

Gets rid of waste (The parts of food the body cannot use)

Function of reproductive system

Produces sex hormones and cells

(f) supports the embryo/fetus until birth

(f) provides milk to infant

What makes up the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails

What makes up the skeletal system?

Bones, joints, cartilage

What makes up the muscular system?

Skeletal muscles and tendons

What makes up the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves

What makes up the endocrine system?

Pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries

What makes up cardiovascular system?

Heart and blood vessels

What makes up lymphatic system?

Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels

What makes up respiratory system?

Nasal passages, trachea, lungs

What makes up digestive system?

Stomach, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine

What makes up reproductive system?

Epididymis, testes, mammary glands, ovaries, uterus

What is metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in a body

Anabolism

The building up of molecules

Catabolism

The breaking down of molecules

What is ATP?

Compound used to store and release energy

Responsiveness

The ability to react to internal and external changes

Differentiation

Unspecialized cells that become specialized

Development

The changes a body goes through over time

Growth

Increase in size

Reproduction

The production of offspring

What is the importance of organization in the body?

It keeps organ systems separate from threats

Keeps cells moist (Cell membrane)

What is a nutrient?

Substance in food needed for survival

What is pressure

Force exerted by one substance in the presence of another substance

Why is oxygen important

It makes cells capable of producing ATP

What are the classes of nutrients

Carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

What are the energy yielding nutrients?

Fats and carbs

What are the body building nutrients?

Proteins (amino acids)

What are micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals

What are macronutrients

carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

What happens if the body gets too hot or too cold?

Proteins (enzymes) can change structure and functionality

What does atmospheric pressure do for the human body

Dissolves blood gasses

Allows us to breathe

What is controlled hypothermia? Why is it used?

It is the cooling of the body/organ to decrease metabolic rate. It is used to prevent damage to bodily structures.

What is decompression sickness

Blood gasses cannot dissolve due to quick drop in pressure

Purpose of homeostasis

Regulate the body’s internal condition to remain alive

Homeostasis

Regulation of internal conditions

What is a set point

A fixed value that is optimal for stability

what is negative feedback

System that brings the range back to the set point

What is positive feedback

A process that intensifies change in the body

What is a sensor

a receptor

What is a control center

Compares values to the normal range

what is effector

Causes changes to revert back to the normal range

How does homeostasis cycle begin

A stimulus exceeds the threshold for normal range

What is heat loss?

Type of regulation where heat is lost to cool the body.

How does heat loss work

Blood vessels dilate to bring blood to skin surface, which results in heat loss. Sweating also takes place and deeper breaths are taken.

What is heat gain

Type of regulation where heat is gained

How does heat gain work

Blood vessels constrict and blood is channeled to deep veins that are closer to the body. Shivering of the skeletal muscles occurs when too much heat is lost

Components of feedback loops

Stimulus, sensor, control, effector

Anatomical position

Body is face up, palms and toes facing forward

Three common planes used in anatomy

Saggital, Frontal (Coronal), and transverse

Languages used in anatomy

Greek and Latin

Reference position is also known as

Anatomical position

Why do anatomists use directional terms

To precisely describe locations in the body

What are directional terms best used for?

General locations

Prone

Face down

Supine

Face up

Anterior (ventral)

(Towards) Front of body

Posterior (Dorsal)

(towards) back of body

Superior (Cranial)

above (relative to)

Inferior (caudal)

Below (relative to)

Lateral

(toward) side of body

Medical

(toward) midline of body

Proximal

Point in limb that is closer to point of attachment

Distal

Point in limb that is farther from point of attachment

Superficial

Closer to surface

Deep

Farther from surface

Section

2d surface of 3D structure

Plane

Imaginary 2D surface going through structure

Saggital plane

Divides body into left and right

Transverse plane

divides body into upper and lower portions

Frontal (coronal) plane

divides body into front and back

Dorsal (posterior) cavity

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity (largest)

Ventral (anterior cavity)

Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity, allows for change in shape and organ size

Serous membrane

Lines cavity wall and organs (abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities)

Pleura

Membrane surrounding the lungs