Digestion

Proximate analysis

What is used to determine what is is feedstuffs?

Energy

what do we get when heat is produced when nutrients oxidize during digestion

Total Digestible nutrients

What is the older method of Estimating the energy level in feedstuffs?

Net energy systems

What measures the amount of energy in megacalories?

Calorie

a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure

1,000 Calories

how much is a kilocalorie (kcal)

1,000 kcals

How much is a megacalorie?

bomb calorimeter

strong sealed vessel for measuring heat of combustion to determine the gross energy of feedstuffs

Net energy

What energy is available to animals for maintenance and production

Get feed to mouth to chew and take in

What is the function of the Mouth in Monogastric digestion (pigs)

Sphincter

What is at the bottom of the esophagus that doesn't allow feed to come back up?

Pyloric Sphincter

What separates the stomach from the duodenum

60 ft

How long is the small intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

what are the three parts to the small intestine?

ileocecal valve

valve between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the large intestine

16 ft

how long is the large intestine?

Voluntary

Is the anus in monogastric animals voluntary or involuntary control?

Rectum

What is the end of the digestive tract before waste is removed?

Beak

Where does the digestive tract start in Poultry?

Crop-Storage

What is the storage place for poultry after it goes down the esophagus

Proventriculus

what do poultry have that functions as a glandular stomach?

Gizzard

What grinds up feed for poultry and is unique to birds?

2 cecas

How many cecas do poultry have? (they function very little in birds)

Vent

Where does urine, feces, and eggs leave through in poultry?

Absorb water and form feces

What is the function of the large intestine in every Animal?

Cloaca

What is the cavity at the end of the digestive tract for poultry?

Catalyst

What speeds up chemical reaction during digestion?

Amylase

What enzyme is specific to break down carbohydrates such as starch?

2

What is the pH of the HCl in the stomach?

pepsin

What enzyme in the stomach breaks down proteins?

Mucus

What protects the lining of the stomach?

Contractions

What keeps everything mixed up in the stomach?

Chyme

What is all the food in the stomach called?

lipase

an enzyme secreted in the digestive tract that catalyzes the breakdown of fats into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

Trypsin

an enzyme of pancreatic origin; catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to smaller polypeptide units

Lipase, trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and amylase

What enzymes from the pancreas are mixed with the chyme from the duodenum?

Bile

What emulsifies fat and neutralized the acidic Chyme

Villi

what are small hairs in the small intestine that stick out to increase the surface area of the small intestine?

Amino Acids, Fatty acids, and monosaccharides

What do the villi absorb in the small intestine?

Passive absorption

What kind of absorption is diffusion and moves from a high concentration to a low concentration?

Active Absorption

What kind of absorption is when the villi grabs molecules and they enter the blood stream/Lymphatic system

liver

what metabolizes substances and detoxifies harmful sbstances?

Lymphatic system

Where do lipids that digest in the SI enter?

Tongue

What do ruminant animals use to gather food to their mouth?

It has no enzymes

What is special about ruminants saliva

Dental Pad

What do ruminant animals have at the front, top part of the mouth?

Molars

What do ruminant animals use to chew their food?

Incisors

What are at the bottom, front of ruminants mouths

Rumen

What is the largest part of ruminants stomachs?

Papillae

What is the rumen lined with to increase the absorption and surface area of the rumen

Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa

What microbes are found in the rumen?

Rumen

Where is cellulose digested in ruminant animals?

Saliva

What helps maintain the pH levels in the Rumen?

Acidosis

Occurs when the pH of the rumen becomes less than 6

40-50

How many gallons does the rumen hold in cattle?

Proteins

What do the microbes get digested as?

Honey comb structures

What does the reticulum look like?

Reticulum

What part of ruminants stomachs initiates contractions to keep feed mixed up?

Size of a basketball

How large is the omasum in ruminant animals?

Grinds feedstuff and absorbs water

What is the purpose of the Omasum?

Abomasum

What is considered the true stomach for ruminant animals?

Abomasum

Where the microbes in ruminant animals go into and die?

Rumination

chewing

Abomasum

What part of Ruminant animals is the most acidic?

Methane and CO2

What gas is produced by the fermentation of microbes in the rumen?

Eructation

How are gases expelled in the rumen?

Volatile fatty acids (VFA's)

What is produced from microbes digesting carbs/cellulose?

Acetic, Proprionic, butyric

What are the 3 types of VFA's

symbiotic

what kind of relationship do cattle and microbes have?

Esophageal groove

In young ruminant animals, what is the tube that allows milk to go straight to the abomasum

8 weeks

How long does it take for the rumen in young ruminants to develop and start working (not fully working)

Cecum

Where is feed fermented in Horses?

VFA's

What is produced by the fermentation of feed in horses

They are bigger and they produce milk

Why do dairy cattle consume more water than beef cattle

Body maintenance

What is it called when the animal neither gains or loses weight

Body weight^0.75

What equation can determine the maintenance of animals?