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Economic Liberalism
An ideal that suggests that people are happiest and economy thrive most when governments minimize their regulation, monitoring, and control over the work we do and the kinds of goods we buy & sell
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)
Agrarian economy
economy based on farming and cultivation of the land
Open-field system
system of farming that divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips-fields open and not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges-large field as community-same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvesting
Causes of Agricultural Revolution
climate change, larger populations need more food faster, pressure for more food sources, growing seasons, rising temperatures
Crop Rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
Famine foods
the foods eaten by a desperate population chestnuts, bark, dandelions and grass in attempts to escape starvation.
Turnips
A kind of vegetable, Forage brassicas; used for winter months; extend pasture season; used for cattle and stabilize sandy soils that are susceptable to wind erosion
potatoes
A starchy plant tuber that is one of the most important food crops, cooked and eaten as a vegetable.
Low Countries
nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor.
Cornelius Vermuyden
One of the most famous Dutch engineers. He had large drainage projects in Yorkshire and Cambridgeshire—turned swampy wilderness into some of the best farmland in England.
Charles Townsend
Developed crop rotation and later drained much land back at home in England
Jethro Tull
English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.
Putting-out system
system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England
What was the Enclosure Movement?
Large landowners closed off the land in England to make room for the raising of more sheep. Many small farmers lost their jobs. It was prompted by the increased profits of wool and woolen cloth.
What were the positive and negative effects of the Enclosure Movement?
POSITIVES
* Greater efficiency and technology allowed much more food to be grown.
* The cost of food went down.
* Fewer people were needed to grow more food.
* Britons had access to a more nutritious and varied diet.
* Many people now had time to do things other than secure sustenance.
NEGATIVES
* The Enclosure Movement kicked many traditional farmers off the community-owned land they had used, putting them out of work.
* With fewer people needed to grow more food, other farm workers were put out of work.
* The population of England rose relatively quickly.
Explain the causes of the dramatic population explosion in Europe during the 18th century?
decreased death rate, the agricultural revolution, recovery from the plague, relatively stable political climates
Explain how European nations developed world trade during the 18th century?
they began exporting and importing new products instead of just gold and silver, and trading with places world wide over seas.
Describe the consequences of European expansion for the common people?
More commoners had to move into rural land with no other inhabitance, were little people lived, and it was far away from major cities or areas of interest that would be beneficial.
Textile industry in Britain
Clothed world in wool, linen, cotton
Merchants boosted their profits by making things faster, started Industrial Revolution
Spinning jenny
This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.
New inventions for the textile industry
Flying Shuttle, Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule
Colonial competition
England obtained Frances land in all their colonies with Treaty of Paris (1763)
British Navigation Acts
Regulated what could be taken from and sold to the colonies. It was a supposed that provided balance of trade favorable to the mother country
Seven Year's War
Known in America as French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
Marquis de Montcalm
The leader of the French forces at Quebec who saw Quebec fall under smaller forces under the command of Gen. Wolfe. Marquis died during the Battle of Quebec.
Fall of New France
capture of Quebec, turn from Monarchy to a Republic
Daniel Defoe
English writer remembered particularly for his novel about Robinson Crusoe (1660-1731)
Mercantilism
an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests
Colonial Wars
Three colonial wars were fought between England and France between 1689 and 1748. In these, the American colonists were only peripherally involved.
Spanish Revival in Latin America
Spain's political revitalization was matched by economic improvement in its colonies, Philip V brought new leadership; Spain acquired Louisiana in 1763, Silver mining recovered in Mexico and Peru.
Trade grew, though industry remained weak
asiento
The Slave Trade. First intruduced by Portugal in Brazil to farm sugar plantations where an estimated 50 million Africans died o became slaves during the 17th and 18th century
Racial groups in South America
Mestizo, Castizo, Espomolo, Mulatto, Moor, Albino, Throwback, Wolf, Zambiago, Cambujo, Alvarazado, Borquino, Coyote, Chamizo, Coyote-Mestizo, Ahi Tan Estas
Creole elite
Political success was matched by economic improvement. After declining markedly in the seventeenth century, silver mining recovered greatly, and in 1800, Spanish America accounted for half of the worlds silver production. Silver mining also encouraged food production for large mining camps and gave the Creoles people of the Spanish blood born in America the means to purchase more and more European luxuries and manufactured goods. A class of wealthy Creole merchants arose to handle this flourishing trade, which often relied on smuggled goods from Great Britain. The Creole elite came to rival the top government officials dispatched from Spain to govern the colonies. Creole estate owners controlled much of the land, and they strove t become a genuine European aristocracy. Estate owners believed that work in the fields was the proper occupation of an impoverished peasantry. The defenseless Indians suited their needs. As the indigenous population recovered in numbers, slavery and periodic forced labor gave way to widespread debt peonage from 1600 on. Under this system, a planter or rancher would keep the estate's christianized, increasingly Hispanicized Indians in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money. Debt peonage was a form of serfdom.
mestizos
A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory
primogeniture
right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son
Slavery in 18th century
Planters thought it gave more dependable labor supply, slaves were half of population of New England and Virginia, more slaves than indentured servants.
Economics in 18th century
Europe (mainly the Dutch, England, and France) ruled inetrnational trade through the web of its international trading companies, thanks to the development of its marine, and its colonies.
In general, the economy during this time was still agriculturally-based.
France and England shared North america, Spain and Portugal central and South America and they developed these conquests and their economies through agriculture (thanks to slavery) and commerce (slave trade, cotton trade, tobaco, coffee, etc...)
Peace of Utrecht
Ended Louis XIV's attempts to gain military power and land. Marked the end of French expansionist policy. Ended the War of Spanish Succession.
Treaty of Paris
This treaty ended the Seven Years War
